Bump ruff from 0.0.272 to 0.0.280 (#1333)

Co-authored-by: wookie184 <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Chris Lovering <[email protected]>
Co-authored-by: ChrisJL <[email protected]>

18 files changed, 165 insertions, 180 deletions

diff --git a/bot/exts/core/internal_eval/_helpers.py b/bot/exts/core/internal_eval/_helpers.py
index 34ef7fef..30c4b11c 100644
--- a/bot/exts/core/internal_eval/_helpers.py
+++ b/bot/exts/core/internal_eval/_helpers.py
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ class CaptureLastExpression(ast.NodeTransformer):
         log.trace("Found a trailing last expression in the evaluation code")
 
         log.trace("Creating assignment statement with trailing expression as the right-hand side")
-        right_hand_side = list(ast.iter_child_nodes(node))[0]
+        right_hand_side = next(iter(ast.iter_child_nodes(node)))
 
         assignment = ast.Assign(
             targets=[ast.Name(id="_value_last_expression", ctx=ast.Store())],
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/hacktoberfest/hacktoberstats.py b/bot/exts/events/hacktoberfest/hacktoberstats.py
index c7fd3601..04dc4aae 100644
--- a/bot/exts/events/hacktoberfest/hacktoberstats.py
+++ b/bot/exts/events/hacktoberfest/hacktoberstats.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class HacktoberStats(commands.Cog):
 
     @in_month(Month.SEPTEMBER, Month.OCTOBER, Month.NOVEMBER)
     @commands.group(name="hacktoberstats", aliases=("hackstats",), invoke_without_command=True)
-    async def hacktoberstats_group(self, ctx: commands.Context, github_username: str = None) -> None:
+    async def hacktoberstats_group(self, ctx: commands.Context, github_username: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Display an embed for a user's Hacktoberfest contributions.
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ class HacktoberStats(commands.Cog):
 
     @in_month(Month.SEPTEMBER, Month.OCTOBER, Month.NOVEMBER)
     @hacktoberstats_group.command(name="link")
-    async def link_user(self, ctx: commands.Context, github_username: str = None) -> None:
+    async def link_user(self, ctx: commands.Context, github_username: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Link the invoking user's Github github_username to their Discord ID.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_game.py b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_game.py
index 15126f60..0568ce81 100644
--- a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_game.py
+++ b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_game.py
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class TriviaNightGame:
     def __iter__(self) -> Iterable[Question]:
         return iter(self._questions)
 
-    def next_question(self, number: str = None) -> Question:
+    def next_question(self, number: str | None = None) -> Question:
         """
         Consume one random question from the trivia night game.
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ class TriviaNightGame:
 
         if number is not None:
             try:
-                question = [q for q in self._all_questions if q.number == int(number)][0]
+                question = next(q for q in self._all_questions if q.number == int(number))
             except IndexError:
                 raise ValueError(f"Question number {number} does not exist.")
         elif len(self._questions) == 0:
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_scoreboard.py b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_scoreboard.py
index bd61be3d..c2b39d67 100644
--- a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_scoreboard.py
+++ b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/_scoreboard.py
@@ -155,18 +155,18 @@ class Scoreboard:
         self._points = {}
         self._speed = {}
 
-    def assign_points(self, user_id: int, *, points: int = None, speed: float = None) -> None:
+    def assign_points(self, user_id: int, *, points: int | None = None, speed: float | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Assign points or deduct points to/from a certain user.
 
         This method should be called once the question has finished and all answers have been registered.
         """
-        if points is not None and user_id not in self._points.keys():
+        if points is not None and user_id not in self._points:
             self._points[user_id] = points
         elif points is not None:
             self._points[user_id] += points
 
-        if speed is not None and user_id not in self._speed.keys():
+        if speed is not None and user_id not in self._speed:
             self._speed[user_id] = [1, speed]
         elif speed is not None:
             self._speed[user_id] = [
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/trivianight.py b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/trivianight.py
index e0db45d8..e47d1d83 100644
--- a/bot/exts/events/trivianight/trivianight.py
+++ b/bot/exts/events/trivianight/trivianight.py
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class TriviaNightCog(commands.Cog):
 
     @trivianight.command(aliases=("next",))
     @commands.has_any_role(*TRIVIA_NIGHT_ROLES)
-    async def question(self, ctx: commands.Context, question_number: str = None) -> None:
+    async def question(self, ctx: commands.Context, question_number: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Gets a random question from the unanswered question list and lets the user(s) choose the answer.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/fun/snakes/_snakes_cog.py b/bot/exts/fun/snakes/_snakes_cog.py
index eca462c6..05ab7bfd 100644
--- a/bot/exts/fun/snakes/_snakes_cog.py
+++ b/bot/exts/fun/snakes/_snakes_cog.py
@@ -279,9 +279,8 @@ class Snakes(Cog):
         if params is None:
             params = {}
 
-        async with async_timeout.timeout(10):
-            async with self.bot.http_session.get(url, params=params) as response:
-                return await response.json()
+        async with async_timeout.timeout(10), self.bot.http_session.get(url, params=params) as response:
+            return await response.json()
 
     def _get_random_long_message(self, messages: list[str], retries: int = 10) -> str:
         """
@@ -846,7 +845,7 @@ class Snakes(Cog):
         await self._validate_answer(ctx, quiz, answer, options)
 
     @snakes_group.command(name="name", aliases=("name_gen",))
-    async def name_command(self, ctx: Context, *, name: str = None) -> None:
+    async def name_command(self, ctx: Context, *, name: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Snakifies a username.
 
@@ -1001,9 +1000,8 @@ class Snakes(Cog):
         async with ctx.typing():
 
             stream = BytesIO()
-            async with async_timeout.timeout(10):
-                async with self.bot.http_session.get(content["image_list"][0]) as response:
-                    stream.write(await response.read())
+            async with async_timeout.timeout(10), self.bot.http_session.get(content["image_list"][0]) as response:
+                stream.write(await response.read())
 
             stream.seek(0)
 
@@ -1033,7 +1031,7 @@ class Snakes(Cog):
         await ctx.send(embed=embed)
 
     @snakes_group.command(name="snakify")
-    async def snakify_command(self, ctx: Context, *, message: str = None) -> None:
+    async def snakify_command(self, ctx: Context, *, message: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         How would I talk if I were a snake?
 
@@ -1068,7 +1066,7 @@ class Snakes(Cog):
             await ctx.send(embed=embed)
 
     @snakes_group.command(name="video", aliases=("get_video",))
-    async def video_command(self, ctx: Context, *, search: str = None) -> None:
+    async def video_command(self, ctx: Context, *, search: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Gets a YouTube video about snakes.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/fun/trivia_quiz.py b/bot/exts/fun/trivia_quiz.py
index 28cd4657..b96007b5 100644
--- a/bot/exts/fun/trivia_quiz.py
+++ b/bot/exts/fun/trivia_quiz.py
@@ -40,6 +40,41 @@ WIKI_FEED_API_URL = "https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/feed/featured/{date}"
 TRIVIA_QUIZ_ICON = (
     "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-discord/branding/main/icons/trivia_quiz/trivia-quiz-dist.png"
 )
+N_PREFIX_STARTS_AT = 5
+N_PREFIXES = [
+    "penta", "hexa", "hepta", "octa", "nona",
+    "deca", "hendeca", "dodeca", "trideca", "tetradeca",
+]
+
+PLANETS = [
+    ("1st", "Mercury"),
+    ("2nd", "Venus"),
+    ("3rd", "Earth"),
+    ("4th", "Mars"),
+    ("5th", "Jupiter"),
+    ("6th", "Saturn"),
+    ("7th", "Uranus"),
+    ("8th", "Neptune"),
+]
+
+TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY = [
+    "species", "genus", "family", "order",
+    "class", "phylum", "kingdom", "domain",
+]
+
+UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS = {
+    "hertz": ("(unit of frequency)", "s^-1"),
+    "newton": ("(unit of force)", "m*kg*s^-2"),
+    "pascal": ("(unit of pressure & stress)", "m^-1*kg*s^-2"),
+    "joule": ("(unit of energy & quantity of heat)", "m^2*kg*s^-2"),
+    "watt": ("(unit of power)", "m^2*kg*s^-3"),
+    "coulomb": ("(unit of electric charge & quantity of electricity)", "s*A"),
+    "volt": ("(unit of voltage & electromotive force)", "m^2*kg*s^-3*A^-1"),
+    "farad": ("(unit of capacitance)", "m^-2*kg^-1*s^4*A^2"),
+    "ohm": ("(unit of electric resistance)", "m^2*kg*s^-3*A^-2"),
+    "weber": ("(unit of magnetic flux)", "m^2*kg*s^-2*A^-1"),
+    "tesla": ("(unit of magnetic flux density)", "kg*s^-2*A^-1"),
+}
 
 
 @dataclass(frozen=True)
@@ -51,163 +86,117 @@ class QuizEntry:
     var_tol: int
 
 
-class DynamicQuestionGen:
-    """Class that contains functions to generate math/science questions for TriviaQuiz Cog."""
-
-    N_PREFIX_STARTS_AT = 5
-    N_PREFIXES = [
-        "penta", "hexa", "hepta", "octa", "nona",
-        "deca", "hendeca", "dodeca", "trideca", "tetradeca",
-    ]
-
-    PLANETS = [
-        ("1st", "Mercury"),
-        ("2nd", "Venus"),
-        ("3rd", "Earth"),
-        ("4th", "Mars"),
-        ("5th", "Jupiter"),
-        ("6th", "Saturn"),
-        ("7th", "Uranus"),
-        ("8th", "Neptune"),
-    ]
-
-    TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY = [
-        "species", "genus", "family", "order",
-        "class", "phylum", "kingdom", "domain",
-    ]
-
-    UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS = {
-        "hertz": ("(unit of frequency)", "s^-1"),
-        "newton": ("(unit of force)", "m*kg*s^-2"),
-        "pascal": ("(unit of pressure & stress)", "m^-1*kg*s^-2"),
-        "joule": ("(unit of energy & quantity of heat)", "m^2*kg*s^-2"),
-        "watt": ("(unit of power)", "m^2*kg*s^-3"),
-        "coulomb": ("(unit of electric charge & quantity of electricity)", "s*A"),
-        "volt": ("(unit of voltage & electromotive force)", "m^2*kg*s^-3*A^-1"),
-        "farad": ("(unit of capacitance)", "m^-2*kg^-1*s^4*A^2"),
-        "ohm": ("(unit of electric resistance)", "m^2*kg*s^-3*A^-2"),
-        "weber": ("(unit of magnetic flux)", "m^2*kg*s^-2*A^-1"),
-        "tesla": ("(unit of magnetic flux density)", "kg*s^-2*A^-1"),
-    }
-
-    @classmethod
-    def linear_system(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a system of linear equations with two unknowns."""
-        x, y = random.randint(2, 5), random.randint(2, 5)
-        answer = a_format.format(x, y)
-
-        coeffs = random.sample(range(1, 6), 4)
-
-        question = q_format.format(
-            coeffs[0],
-            coeffs[1],
-            coeffs[0] * x + coeffs[1] * y,
-            coeffs[2],
-            coeffs[3],
-            coeffs[2] * x + coeffs[3] * y,
-        )
+def linear_system(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a system of linear equations with two unknowns."""
+    x, y = random.randint(2, 5), random.randint(2, 5)
+    answer = a_format.format(x, y)
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+    coeffs = random.sample(range(1, 6), 4)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def mod_arith(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a basic modular arithmetic question."""
-        quotient, m, b = random.randint(30, 40), random.randint(10, 20), random.randint(200, 350)
-        ans = random.randint(0, 9)  # max remainder is 9, since the minimum modulus is 10
-        a = quotient * m + ans - b
+    question = q_format.format(
+        coeffs[0],
+        coeffs[1],
+        coeffs[0] * x + coeffs[1] * y,
+        coeffs[2],
+        coeffs[3],
+        coeffs[2] * x + coeffs[3] * y,
+    )
 
-        question = q_format.format(a, b, m)
-        answer = a_format.format(ans)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+def mod_arith(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a basic modular arithmetic question."""
+    quotient, m, b = random.randint(30, 40), random.randint(10, 20), random.randint(200, 350)
+    ans = random.randint(0, 9)  # max remainder is 9, since the minimum modulus is 10
+    a = quotient * m + ans - b
 
-    @classmethod
-    def ngonal_prism(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a question regarding vertices on n-gonal prisms."""
-        n = random.randint(0, len(cls.N_PREFIXES) - 1)
+    question = q_format.format(a, b, m)
+    answer = a_format.format(ans)
 
-        question = q_format.format(cls.N_PREFIXES[n])
-        answer = a_format.format((n + cls.N_PREFIX_STARTS_AT) * 2)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+def ngonal_prism(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a question regarding vertices on n-gonal prisms."""
+    n = random.randint(0, len(N_PREFIXES) - 1)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def imag_sqrt(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a negative square root question."""
-        ans_coeff = random.randint(3, 10)
+    question = q_format.format(N_PREFIXES[n])
+    answer = a_format.format((n + N_PREFIX_STARTS_AT) * 2)
 
-        question = q_format.format(ans_coeff ** 2)
-        answer = a_format.format(ans_coeff)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+def imag_sqrt(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a negative square root question."""
+    ans_coeff = random.randint(3, 10)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def binary_calc(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a binary calculation question."""
-        a = random.randint(15, 20)
-        b = random.randint(10, a)
-        oper = random.choice(
-            (
-                ("+", operator.add),
-                ("-", operator.sub),
-                ("*", operator.mul),
-            )
+    question = q_format.format(ans_coeff ** 2)
+    answer = a_format.format(ans_coeff)
+
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+
+def binary_calc(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a binary calculation question."""
+    a = random.randint(15, 20)
+    b = random.randint(10, a)
+    oper = random.choice(
+        (
+            ("+", operator.add),
+            ("-", operator.sub),
+            ("*", operator.mul),
         )
+    )
 
-        # if the operator is multiplication, lower the values of the two operands to make it easier
-        if oper[0] == "*":
-            a -= 5
-            b -= 5
+    # if the operator is multiplication, lower the values of the two operands to make it easier
+    if oper[0] == "*":
+        a -= 5
+        b -= 5
 
-        question = q_format.format(a, oper[0], b)
-        answer = a_format.format(oper[1](a, b))
+    question = q_format.format(a, oper[0], b)
+    answer = a_format.format(oper[1](a, b))
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def solar_system(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a question on the planets of the Solar System."""
-        planet = random.choice(cls.PLANETS)
+def solar_system(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a question on the planets of the Solar System."""
+    planet = random.choice(PLANETS)
 
-        question = q_format.format(planet[0])
-        answer = a_format.format(planet[1])
+    question = q_format.format(planet[0])
+    answer = a_format.format(planet[1])
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def taxonomic_rank(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a question on taxonomic classification."""
-        level = random.randint(0, len(cls.TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY) - 2)
+def taxonomic_rank(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a question on taxonomic classification."""
+    level = random.randint(0, len(TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY) - 2)
 
-        question = q_format.format(cls.TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY[level])
-        answer = a_format.format(cls.TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY[level + 1])
+    question = q_format.format(TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY[level])
+    answer = a_format.format(TAXONOMIC_HIERARCHY[level + 1])
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def base_units_convert(cls, q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
-        """Generate a SI base units conversion question."""
-        unit = random.choice(list(cls.UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS))
 
-        question = q_format.format(
-            unit + " " + cls.UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS[unit][0]
-        )
-        answer = a_format.format(
-            cls.UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS[unit][1]
-        )
+def base_units_convert(q_format: str, a_format: str) -> QuizEntry:
+    """Generate a SI base units conversion question."""
+    unit = random.choice(list(UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS))
+
+    question = q_format.format(
+        unit + " " + UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS[unit][0]
+    )
+    answer = a_format.format(
+        UNITS_TO_BASE_UNITS[unit][1]
+    )
 
-        return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
+    return QuizEntry(question, [answer], DYNAMICALLY_GEN_VARIATION_TOLERANCE)
 
 
 DYNAMIC_QUESTIONS_FORMAT_FUNCS = {
-    201: DynamicQuestionGen.linear_system,
-    202: DynamicQuestionGen.mod_arith,
-    203: DynamicQuestionGen.ngonal_prism,
-    204: DynamicQuestionGen.imag_sqrt,
-    205: DynamicQuestionGen.binary_calc,
-    301: DynamicQuestionGen.solar_system,
-    302: DynamicQuestionGen.taxonomic_rank,
-    303: DynamicQuestionGen.base_units_convert,
+    201: linear_system,
+    202: mod_arith,
+    203: ngonal_prism,
+    204: imag_sqrt,
+    205: binary_calc,
+    301: solar_system,
+    302: taxonomic_rank,
+    303: base_units_convert,
 }
 
 
@@ -361,7 +350,7 @@ class TriviaQuiz(commands.Cog):
                 )
                 return
 
-            elif questions < 1:
+            if questions < 1:
                 await ctx.send(
                     embed=self.make_error_embed(
                         "You must choose to complete at least one question. "
@@ -370,8 +359,7 @@ class TriviaQuiz(commands.Cog):
                 )
                 return
 
-            else:
-                self.question_limit = questions
+            self.question_limit = questions
 
         # Start game if not running.
         if not self.game_status[ctx.channel.id]:
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/halloween/monstersurvey.py b/bot/exts/holidays/halloween/monstersurvey.py
index d129f3cc..15770980 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/halloween/monstersurvey.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/halloween/monstersurvey.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class MonsterSurvey(Cog):
     @monster_group.command(
         name="vote"
     )
-    async def monster_vote(self, ctx: Context, name: str = None) -> None:
+    async def monster_vote(self, ctx: Context, name: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Cast a vote for a particular monster.
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class MonsterSurvey(Cog):
     @monster_group.command(
         name="show"
     )
-    async def monster_show(self, ctx: Context, name: str = None) -> None:
+    async def monster_show(self, ctx: Context, name: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Shows the named monster. If one is not named, it sends the default voting embed instead."""
         if name is None:
             await ctx.invoke(self.monster_leaderboard)
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_anthem.py b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_anthem.py
index c719e388..1f214fc0 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_anthem.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_anthem.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class PrideAnthem(commands.Cog):
             log.info("No videos for that genre.")
 
     @commands.command(name="prideanthem", aliases=("anthem", "pridesong"))
-    async def prideanthem(self, ctx: commands.Context, genre: str = None) -> None:
+    async def prideanthem(self, ctx: commands.Context, genre: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Sends a message with a video of a random pride anthem.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_facts.py b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_facts.py
index 3d52a3c7..5be1b085 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_facts.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_facts.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class PrideFacts(commands.Cog):
             return
 
     @commands.command(name="pridefact", aliases=("pridefacts",))
-    async def pridefact(self, ctx: commands.Context, option: int | str = None) -> None:
+    async def pridefact(self, ctx: commands.Context, option: int | str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         Sends a message with a pride fact of the day.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_leader.py b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_leader.py
index b4a98892..9f01ebf9 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_leader.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/pride/pride_leader.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class PrideLeader(commands.Cog):
 
     def embed_builder(self, pride_leader: dict) -> discord.Embed:
         """Generate an Embed with information about a pride leader."""
-        name = [name for name, info in PRIDE_RESOURCE.items() if info == pride_leader][0]
+        name = next(name for name, info in PRIDE_RESOURCE.items() if info == pride_leader)
 
         embed = discord.Embed(
             title=name,
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/be_my_valentine.py b/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/be_my_valentine.py
index c2dd8bb6..714d3884 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/be_my_valentine.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/be_my_valentine.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class BeMyValentine(commands.Cog):
     @commands.cooldown(1, 1800, commands.BucketType.user)
     @commands.group(name="bemyvalentine", invoke_without_command=True)
     async def send_valentine(
-        self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, valentine_type: str = None
+        self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, valentine_type: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
         """
         Send a valentine to a specified user with the lovefest role.
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class BeMyValentine(commands.Cog):
     @commands.cooldown(1, 1800, commands.BucketType.user)
     @send_valentine.command(name="secret")
     async def anonymous(
-        self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, valentine_type: str = None
+        self, ctx: commands.Context, user: discord.Member, *, valentine_type: str | None = None
     ) -> None:
         """
         Send an anonymous Valentine via DM to to a specified user with the lovefest role.
diff --git a/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/myvalenstate.py b/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/myvalenstate.py
index fcef24bc..977b9665 100644
--- a/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/myvalenstate.py
+++ b/bot/exts/holidays/valentines/myvalenstate.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class MyValenstate(commands.Cog):
         return pre_row[-1]
 
     @commands.command()
-    async def myvalenstate(self, ctx: commands.Context, *, name: str = None) -> None:
+    async def myvalenstate(self, ctx: commands.Context, *, name: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Find the vacation spot(s) with the most matching characters to the invoking user."""
         eq_chars = collections.defaultdict(int)
         if name is None:
diff --git a/bot/exts/utilities/challenges.py b/bot/exts/utilities/challenges.py
index 2f9ac73e..6d1813bb 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utilities/challenges.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utilities/challenges.py
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ class Challenges(commands.Cog):
 
     @commands.command(aliases=["kata"])
     @commands.cooldown(1, 5, commands.BucketType.user)
-    async def challenge(self, ctx: commands.Context, language: str = "python", *, query: str = None) -> None:
+    async def challenge(self, ctx: commands.Context, language: str = "python", *, query: str | None = None) -> None:
         """
         The challenge command pulls a random kata (challenge) from codewars.com.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/utilities/colour.py b/bot/exts/utilities/colour.py
index 95f9ac22..b0ff8747 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utilities/colour.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utilities/colour.py
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class Colour(commands.Cog):
                 choices=self.colour_mapping.values(),
                 score_cutoff=80
             )
-            colour_name = [name for name, hex_code in self.colour_mapping.items() if hex_code == match][0]
+            colour_name = next(name for name, hex_code in self.colour_mapping.items() if hex_code == match)
         except TypeError:
             colour_name = None
         return colour_name
diff --git a/bot/exts/utilities/emoji.py b/bot/exts/utilities/emoji.py
index ce352fe2..bbaf6d25 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utilities/emoji.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utilities/emoji.py
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class Emojis(commands.Cog):
             await self.bot.invoke_help_command(ctx)
 
     @emoji_group.command(name="count", aliases=("c",))
-    async def count_command(self, ctx: commands.Context, *, category_query: str = None) -> None:
+    async def count_command(self, ctx: commands.Context, *, category_query: str | None = None) -> None:
         """Returns embed with emoji category and info given by the user."""
         emoji_dict = defaultdict(list)
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/utilities/reddit.py b/bot/exts/utilities/reddit.py
index f8e358de..5dd4a377 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utilities/reddit.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utilities/reddit.py
@@ -20,16 +20,15 @@ from bot.utils.pagination import ImagePaginator, LinePaginator
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 AccessToken = namedtuple("AccessToken", ["token", "expires_at"])
+HEADERS = {"User-Agent": "python3:python-discord/bot:1.0.0 (by /u/PythonDiscord)"}
+URL = "https://www.reddit.com"
+OAUTH_URL = "https://oauth.reddit.com"
+MAX_RETRIES = 3
 
 
 class Reddit(Cog):
     """Track subreddit posts and show detailed statistics about them."""
 
-    HEADERS = {"User-Agent": "python3:python-discord/bot:1.0.0 (by /u/PythonDiscord)"}
-    URL = "https://www.reddit.com"
-    OAUTH_URL = "https://oauth.reddit.com"
-    MAX_RETRIES = 3
-
     def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
         self.bot = bot
 
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
 
             # Normal brackets interfere with Markdown.
             title = escape_markdown(title).replace("[", "⦋").replace("]", "⦌")
-            link = self.URL + data["permalink"]
+            link = URL + data["permalink"]
 
             first_page += f"**[{title.replace('*', '')}]({link})**\n"
 
@@ -121,10 +120,10 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
         A token is valid for 1 hour. There will be MAX_RETRIES to get a token, after which the cog
         will be unloaded and a ClientError raised if retrieval was still unsuccessful.
         """
-        for i in range(1, self.MAX_RETRIES + 1):
+        for i in range(1, MAX_RETRIES + 1):
             response = await self.bot.http_session.post(
-                url=f"{self.URL}/api/v1/access_token",
-                headers=self.HEADERS,
+                url=f"{URL}/api/v1/access_token",
+                headers=HEADERS,
                 auth=self.client_auth,
                 data={
                     "grant_type": "client_credentials",
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
                 return
             log.debug(
                 f"Failed to get an access token: status {response.status} & content type {response.content_type}; "
-                f"retrying ({i}/{self.MAX_RETRIES})"
+                f"retrying ({i}/{MAX_RETRIES})"
             )
 
             await asyncio.sleep(3)
@@ -159,8 +158,8 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
         For security reasons, it's good practice to revoke the token when it's no longer being used.
         """
         response = await self.bot.http_session.post(
-            url=f"{self.URL}/api/v1/revoke_token",
-            headers=self.HEADERS,
+            url=f"{URL}/api/v1/revoke_token",
+            headers=HEADERS,
             auth=self.client_auth,
             data={
                 "token": self.access_token.token,
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
         else:
             log.warning(f"Unable to revoke access token: status {response.status}.")
 
-    async def fetch_posts(self, route: str, *, amount: int = 25, params: dict = None) -> list[dict]:
+    async def fetch_posts(self, route: str, *, amount: int = 25, params: dict | None = None) -> list[dict]:
         """A helper method to fetch a certain amount of Reddit posts at a given route."""
         # Reddit's JSON responses only provide 25 posts at most.
         if not 25 >= amount > 0:
@@ -183,11 +182,11 @@ class Reddit(Cog):
         if not self.access_token or self.access_token.expires_at < datetime.now(tz=UTC):
             await self.get_access_token()
 
-        url = f"{self.OAUTH_URL}/{route}"
-        for _ in range(self.MAX_RETRIES):
+        url = f"{OAUTH_URL}/{route}"
+        for _ in range(MAX_RETRIES):
             response = await self.bot.http_session.get(
                 url=url,
-                headers={**self.HEADERS, "Authorization": f"bearer {self.access_token.token}"},
+                headers=HEADERS | {"Authorization": f"bearer {self.access_token.token}"},
                 params=params
             )
             if response.status == 200 and response.content_type == "application/json":
diff --git a/bot/exts/utilities/wolfram.py b/bot/exts/utilities/wolfram.py
index d5669c6b..e77573a7 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utilities/wolfram.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utilities/wolfram.py
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ async def send_embed(
         ctx: Context,
         message_txt: str,
         colour: int = Colours.soft_red,
-        footer: str = None,
-        img_url: str = None,
+        footer: str | None = None,
+        img_url: str | None = None,
         f: discord.File = None
 ) -> None:
     """Generate & send a response embed with Wolfram as the author."""