Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/main' into converter-typehints

# Conflicts:
#	bot/converters.py

44 files changed, 1297 insertions, 656 deletions

diff --git a/bot/constants.py b/bot/constants.py
index 500803f33..407646b28 100644
--- a/bot/constants.py
+++ b/bot/constants.py
@@ -568,13 +568,15 @@ class Metabase(metaclass=YAMLGetter):
 
     username: Optional[str]
     password: Optional[str]
-    url: str
+    base_url: str
     max_session_age: int
 
 
 class AntiSpam(metaclass=YAMLGetter):
     section = 'anti_spam'
 
+    cache_size: int
+
     clean_offending: bool
     ping_everyone: bool
 
diff --git a/bot/converters.py b/bot/converters.py
index 566e56220..1c0fd673d 100644
--- a/bot/converters.py
+++ b/bot/converters.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import logging
 import re
 import typing as t
 from datetime import datetime
-from functools import partial
 from ssl import CertificateError
 
 import dateutil.parser
@@ -515,29 +514,6 @@ class HushDurationConverter(Converter):
         return duration
 
 
-def proxy_user(user_id: str) -> discord.Object:
-    """
-    Create a proxy user object from the given id.
-
-    Used when a Member or User object cannot be resolved.
-    """
-    log.trace(f"Attempting to create a proxy user for the user id {user_id}.")
-
-    try:
-        user_id = int(user_id)
-    except ValueError:
-        log.debug(f"Failed to create proxy user {user_id}: could not convert to int.")
-        raise BadArgument(f"User ID `{user_id}` is invalid - could not convert to an integer.")
-
-    user = discord.Object(user_id)
-    user.mention = user.id
-    user.display_name = f"<@{user.id}>"
-    user.avatar_url_as = lambda static_format: None
-    user.bot = False
-
-    return user
-
-
 class UserMentionOrID(UserConverter):
     """
     Converts to a `discord.User`, but only if a mention or userID is provided.
@@ -556,64 +532,6 @@ class UserMentionOrID(UserConverter):
             raise BadArgument(f"`{argument}` is not a User mention or a User ID.")
 
 
-class FetchedUser(UserConverter):
-    """
-    Converts to a `discord.User` or, if it fails, a `discord.Object`.
-
-    Unlike the default `UserConverter`, which only does lookups via the global user cache, this
-    converter attempts to fetch the user via an API call to Discord when the using the cache is
-    unsuccessful.
-
-    If the fetch also fails and the error doesn't imply the user doesn't exist, then a
-    `discord.Object` is returned via the `user_proxy` converter.
-
-    The lookup strategy is as follows (in order):
-
-    1. Lookup by ID.
-    2. Lookup by mention.
-    3. Lookup by name#discrim
-    4. Lookup by name
-    5. Lookup via API
-    6. Create a proxy user with discord.Object
-    """
-
-    async def convert(self, ctx: Context, arg: str) -> t.Union[discord.User, discord.Object]:
-        """Convert the `arg` to a `discord.User` or `discord.Object`."""
-        try:
-            return await super().convert(ctx, arg)
-        except BadArgument:
-            pass
-
-        try:
-            user_id = int(arg)
-            log.trace(f"Fetching user {user_id}...")
-            return await ctx.bot.fetch_user(user_id)
-        except ValueError:
-            log.debug(f"Failed to fetch user {arg}: could not convert to int.")
-            raise BadArgument(f"The provided argument can't be turned into integer: `{arg}`")
-        except discord.HTTPException as e:
-            # If the Discord error isn't `Unknown user`, return a proxy instead
-            if e.code != 10013:
-                log.info(f"Failed to fetch user, returning a proxy instead: status {e.status}")
-                return proxy_user(arg)
-
-            log.debug(f"Failed to fetch user {arg}: user does not exist.")
-            raise BadArgument(f"User `{arg}` does not exist")
-
-
-def _snowflake_from_regex(pattern: t.Pattern, arg: str) -> int:
-    """
-    Extract the snowflake from `arg` using a regex `pattern` and return it as an int.
-
-    The snowflake is expected to be within the first capture group in `pattern`.
-    """
-    match = pattern.match(arg)
-    if not match:
-        raise BadArgument(f"Mention {arg!r} is invalid.")
-
-    return int(match.group(1))
-
-
 class Infraction(Converter):
     """
     Attempts to convert a given infraction ID into an infraction.
@@ -660,9 +578,7 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
     ISODateTime = datetime  # noqa: F811
     HushDurationConverter = int  # noqa: F811
     UserMentionOrID = discord.User  # noqa: F811
-    FetchedUser = t.Union[discord.User, discord.Object]  # noqa: F811
     Infraction = t.Optional[dict]  # noqa: F811
 
 Expiry = t.Union[Duration, ISODateTime]
-FetchedMember = t.Union[discord.Member, FetchedUser]
-UserMention = partial(_snowflake_from_regex, RE_USER_MENTION)
+MemberOrUser = t.Union[discord.Member, discord.User]
diff --git a/bot/errors.py b/bot/errors.py
index 5785faa44..08396ec3e 100644
--- a/bot/errors.py
+++ b/bot/errors.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-from typing import Hashable, Union
+from typing import Hashable
 
-from discord import Member, User
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 
 
 class LockedResourceError(RuntimeError):
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ class InvalidInfractedUserError(Exception):
         `user` -- User or Member which is invalid
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, user: Union[Member, User], reason: str = "User infracted is a bot."):
+    def __init__(self, user: MemberOrUser, reason: str = "User infracted is a bot."):
+
         self.user = user
         self.reason = reason
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/__init__.py b/bot/exts/events/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/exts/events/__init__.py
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/code_jams/__init__.py b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..16e81e365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from bot.bot import Bot
+
+
+def setup(bot: Bot) -> None:
+    """Load the CodeJams cog."""
+    from bot.exts.events.code_jams._cog import CodeJams
+
+    bot.add_cog(CodeJams(bot))
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_channels.py b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_channels.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34ff0ad41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_channels.py
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+import logging
+import typing as t
+
+import discord
+
+from bot.constants import Categories, Channels, Roles
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+MAX_CHANNELS = 50
+CATEGORY_NAME = "Code Jam"
+
+
+async def _get_category(guild: discord.Guild) -> discord.CategoryChannel:
+    """
+    Return a code jam category.
+
+    If all categories are full or none exist, create a new category.
+    """
+    for category in guild.categories:
+        if category.name == CATEGORY_NAME and len(category.channels) < MAX_CHANNELS:
+            return category
+
+    return await _create_category(guild)
+
+
+async def _create_category(guild: discord.Guild) -> discord.CategoryChannel:
+    """Create a new code jam category and return it."""
+    log.info("Creating a new code jam category.")
+
+    category_overwrites = {
+        guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
+        guild.me: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
+    }
+
+    category = await guild.create_category_channel(
+        CATEGORY_NAME,
+        overwrites=category_overwrites,
+        reason="It's code jam time!"
+    )
+
+    await _send_status_update(
+        guild, f"Created a new category with the ID {category.id} for this Code Jam's team channels."
+    )
+
+    return category
+
+
+def _get_overwrites(
+        members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]],
+        guild: discord.Guild,
+) -> dict[t.Union[discord.Member, discord.Role], discord.PermissionOverwrite]:
+    """Get code jam team channels permission overwrites."""
+    team_channel_overwrites = {
+        guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
+        guild.get_role(Roles.code_jam_event_team): discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
+    }
+
+    for member, _ in members:
+        team_channel_overwrites[member] = discord.PermissionOverwrite(
+            read_messages=True
+        )
+
+    return team_channel_overwrites
+
+
+async def create_team_channel(
+        guild: discord.Guild,
+        team_name: str,
+        members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]],
+        team_leaders: discord.Role
+) -> None:
+    """Create the team's text channel."""
+    await _add_team_leader_roles(members, team_leaders)
+
+    # Get permission overwrites and category
+    team_channel_overwrites = _get_overwrites(members, guild)
+    code_jam_category = await _get_category(guild)
+
+    # Create a text channel for the team
+    await code_jam_category.create_text_channel(
+        team_name,
+        overwrites=team_channel_overwrites,
+    )
+
+
+async def create_team_leader_channel(guild: discord.Guild, team_leaders: discord.Role) -> None:
+    """Create the Team Leader Chat channel for the Code Jam team leaders."""
+    category: discord.CategoryChannel = guild.get_channel(Categories.summer_code_jam)
+
+    team_leaders_chat = await category.create_text_channel(
+        name="team-leaders-chat",
+        overwrites={
+            guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
+            team_leaders: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
+        }
+    )
+
+    await _send_status_update(guild, f"Created {team_leaders_chat.mention} in the {category} category.")
+
+
+async def _send_status_update(guild: discord.Guild, message: str) -> None:
+    """Inform the events lead with a status update when the command is ran."""
+    channel: discord.TextChannel = guild.get_channel(Channels.code_jam_planning)
+
+    await channel.send(f"<@&{Roles.events_lead}>\n\n{message}")
+
+
+async def _add_team_leader_roles(members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]], team_leaders: discord.Role) -> None:
+    """Assign the team leader role to the team leaders."""
+    for member, is_leader in members:
+        if is_leader:
+            await member.add_roles(team_leaders)
diff --git a/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_cog.py b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_cog.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e099f7dfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/exts/events/code_jams/_cog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+import asyncio
+import csv
+import logging
+import typing as t
+from collections import defaultdict
+
+import discord
+from discord import Colour, Embed, Guild, Member
+from discord.ext import commands
+
+from bot.bot import Bot
+from bot.constants import Emojis, Roles
+from bot.exts.events.code_jams import _channels
+from bot.utils.services import send_to_paste_service
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+TEAM_LEADERS_COLOUR = 0x11806a
+DELETION_REACTION = "\U0001f4a5"
+
+
+class CodeJams(commands.Cog):
+    """Manages the code-jam related parts of our server."""
+
+    def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
+        self.bot = bot
+
+    @commands.group(aliases=("cj", "jam"))
+    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins)
+    async def codejam(self, ctx: commands.Context) -> None:
+        """A Group of commands for managing Code Jams."""
+        if ctx.invoked_subcommand is None:
+            await ctx.send_help(ctx.command)
+
+    @codejam.command()
+    async def create(self, ctx: commands.Context, csv_file: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+        """
+        Create code-jam teams from a CSV file or a link to one, specifying the team names, leaders and members.
+
+        The CSV file must have 3 columns: 'Team Name', 'Team Member Discord ID', and 'Team Leader'.
+
+        This will create the text channels for the teams, and give the team leaders their roles.
+        """
+        async with ctx.typing():
+            if csv_file:
+                async with self.bot.http_session.get(csv_file) as response:
+                    if response.status != 200:
+                        await ctx.send(f"Got a bad response from the URL: {response.status}")
+                        return
+
+                    csv_file = await response.text()
+
+            elif ctx.message.attachments:
+                csv_file = (await ctx.message.attachments[0].read()).decode("utf8")
+            else:
+                raise commands.BadArgument("You must include either a CSV file or a link to one.")
+
+            teams = defaultdict(list)
+            reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file.splitlines())
+
+            for row in reader:
+                member = ctx.guild.get_member(int(row["Team Member Discord ID"]))
+
+                if member is None:
+                    log.trace(f"Got an invalid member ID: {row['Team Member Discord ID']}")
+                    continue
+
+                teams[row["Team Name"]].append((member, row["Team Leader"].upper() == "Y"))
+
+            team_leaders = await ctx.guild.create_role(name="Code Jam Team Leaders", colour=TEAM_LEADERS_COLOUR)
+
+            for team_name, members in teams.items():
+                await _channels.create_team_channel(ctx.guild, team_name, members, team_leaders)
+
+            await _channels.create_team_leader_channel(ctx.guild, team_leaders)
+            await ctx.send(f"{Emojis.check_mark} Created Code Jam with {len(teams)} teams.")
+
+    @codejam.command()
+    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins)
+    async def end(self, ctx: commands.Context) -> None:
+        """
+        Delete all code jam channels.
+
+        A confirmation message is displayed with the categories and channels to be deleted.. Pressing the added reaction
+        deletes those channels.
+        """
+        def predicate_deletion_emoji_reaction(reaction: discord.Reaction, user: discord.User) -> bool:
+            """Return True if the reaction :boom: was added by the context message author on this message."""
+            return (
+                reaction.message.id == message.id
+                and user.id == ctx.author.id
+                and str(reaction) == DELETION_REACTION
+            )
+
+        # A copy of the list of channels is stored. This is to make sure that we delete precisely the channels displayed
+        # in the confirmation message.
+        categories = self.jam_categories(ctx.guild)
+        category_channels = {category: category.channels.copy() for category in categories}
+
+        confirmation_message = await self._build_confirmation_message(category_channels)
+        message = await ctx.send(confirmation_message)
+        await message.add_reaction(DELETION_REACTION)
+        try:
+            await self.bot.wait_for(
+                'reaction_add',
+                check=predicate_deletion_emoji_reaction,
+                timeout=10
+            )
+
+        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+            await message.clear_reaction(DELETION_REACTION)
+            await ctx.send("Command timed out.", reference=message)
+            return
+
+        else:
+            await message.clear_reaction(DELETION_REACTION)
+            for category, channels in category_channels.items():
+                for channel in channels:
+                    await channel.delete(reason="Code jam ended.")
+                await category.delete(reason="Code jam ended.")
+
+            await message.add_reaction(Emojis.check_mark)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    async def _build_confirmation_message(
+        categories: dict[discord.CategoryChannel, list[discord.abc.GuildChannel]]
+    ) -> str:
+        """Sends details of the channels to be deleted to the pasting service, and formats the confirmation message."""
+        def channel_repr(channel: discord.abc.GuildChannel) -> str:
+            """Formats the channel name and ID and a readable format."""
+            return f"{channel.name} ({channel.id})"
+
+        def format_category_info(category: discord.CategoryChannel, channels: list[discord.abc.GuildChannel]) -> str:
+            """Displays the category and the channels within it in a readable format."""
+            return f"{channel_repr(category)}:\n" + "\n".join("  - " + channel_repr(channel) for channel in channels)
+
+        deletion_details = "\n\n".join(
+            format_category_info(category, channels) for category, channels in categories.items()
+        )
+
+        url = await send_to_paste_service(deletion_details)
+        if url is None:
+            url = "**Unable to send deletion details to the pasting service.**"
+
+        return f"Are you sure you want to delete all code jam channels?\n\nThe channels to be deleted: {url}"
+
+    @codejam.command()
+    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins, Roles.code_jam_event_team)
+    async def info(self, ctx: commands.Context, member: Member) -> None:
+        """
+        Send an info embed about the member with the team they're in.
+
+        The team is found by searching the permissions of the team channels.
+        """
+        channel = self.team_channel(ctx.guild, member)
+        if not channel:
+            await ctx.send(":x: I can't find the team channel for this member.")
+            return
+
+        embed = Embed(
+            title=str(member),
+            colour=Colour.blurple()
+        )
+        embed.add_field(name="Team", value=self.team_name(channel), inline=True)
+
+        await ctx.send(embed=embed)
+
+    @codejam.command()
+    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins)
+    async def move(self, ctx: commands.Context, member: Member, new_team_name: str) -> None:
+        """Move participant from one team to another by changing the user's permissions for the relevant channels."""
+        old_team_channel = self.team_channel(ctx.guild, member)
+        if not old_team_channel:
+            await ctx.send(":x: I can't find the team channel for this member.")
+            return
+
+        if old_team_channel.name == new_team_name or self.team_name(old_team_channel) == new_team_name:
+            await ctx.send(f"`{member}` is already in `{new_team_name}`.")
+            return
+
+        new_team_channel = self.team_channel(ctx.guild, new_team_name)
+        if not new_team_channel:
+            await ctx.send(f":x: I can't find a team channel named `{new_team_name}`.")
+            return
+
+        await old_team_channel.set_permissions(member, overwrite=None, reason=f"Participant moved to {new_team_name}")
+        await new_team_channel.set_permissions(
+            member,
+            overwrite=discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True),
+            reason=f"Participant moved from {old_team_channel.name}"
+        )
+
+        await ctx.send(
+            f"Participant moved from `{self.team_name(old_team_channel)}` to `{self.team_name(new_team_channel)}`."
+        )
+
+    @codejam.command()
+    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins)
+    async def remove(self, ctx: commands.Context, member: Member) -> None:
+        """Remove the participant from their team. Does not remove the participants or leader roles."""
+        channel = self.team_channel(ctx.guild, member)
+        if not channel:
+            await ctx.send(":x: I can't find the team channel for this member.")
+            return
+
+        await channel.set_permissions(
+            member,
+            overwrite=None,
+            reason=f"Participant removed from the team  {self.team_name(channel)}."
+        )
+        await ctx.send(f"Removed the participant from `{self.team_name(channel)}`.")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def jam_categories(guild: Guild) -> list[discord.CategoryChannel]:
+        """Get all the code jam team categories."""
+        return [category for category in guild.categories if category.name == _channels.CATEGORY_NAME]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def team_channel(guild: Guild, criterion: t.Union[str, Member]) -> t.Optional[discord.TextChannel]:
+        """Get a team channel through either a participant or the team name."""
+        for category in CodeJams.jam_categories(guild):
+            for channel in category.channels:
+                if isinstance(channel, discord.TextChannel):
+                    if (
+                        # If it's a string.
+                        criterion == channel.name or criterion == CodeJams.team_name(channel)
+                        # If it's a member.
+                        or criterion in channel.overwrites
+                    ):
+                        return channel
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def team_name(channel: discord.TextChannel) -> str:
+        """Retrieves the team name from the given channel."""
+        return channel.name.replace("-", " ").title()
diff --git a/bot/exts/filters/antimalware.py b/bot/exts/filters/antimalware.py
index 4c4836c88..0eedeb0fb 100644
--- a/bot/exts/filters/antimalware.py
+++ b/bot/exts/filters/antimalware.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Cog
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Channels, Filter, URLs
-from bot.exts.utils.jams import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
+from bot.exts.events.code_jams._channels import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/filters/antispam.py b/bot/exts/filters/antispam.py
index 3f891b2c6..987060779 100644
--- a/bot/exts/filters/antispam.py
+++ b/bot/exts/filters/antispam.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 import asyncio
 import logging
+from collections import defaultdict
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
+from itertools import takewhile
 from operator import attrgetter, itemgetter
 from typing import Dict, Iterable, List, Set
 
@@ -17,9 +19,10 @@ from bot.constants import (
     Guild as GuildConfig, Icons,
 )
 from bot.converters import Duration
+from bot.exts.events.code_jams._channels import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
 from bot.exts.moderation.modlog import ModLog
-from bot.exts.utils.jams import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
 from bot.utils import lock, scheduling
+from bot.utils.message_cache import MessageCache
 from bot.utils.messages import format_user, send_attachments
 
 
@@ -44,19 +47,18 @@ RULE_FUNCTION_MAPPING = {
 class DeletionContext:
     """Represents a Deletion Context for a single spam event."""
 
-    channel: TextChannel
-    members: Dict[int, Member] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    members: frozenset[Member]
+    triggered_in: TextChannel
+    channels: set[TextChannel] = field(default_factory=set)
     rules: Set[str] = field(default_factory=set)
     messages: Dict[int, Message] = field(default_factory=dict)
     attachments: List[List[str]] = field(default_factory=list)
 
-    async def add(self, rule_name: str, members: Iterable[Member], messages: Iterable[Message]) -> None:
+    async def add(self, rule_name: str, channels: Iterable[TextChannel], messages: Iterable[Message]) -> None:
         """Adds new rule violation events to the deletion context."""
         self.rules.add(rule_name)
 
-        for member in members:
-            if member.id not in self.members:
-                self.members[member.id] = member
+        self.channels.update(channels)
 
         for message in messages:
             if message.id not in self.messages:
@@ -69,11 +71,14 @@ class DeletionContext:
 
     async def upload_messages(self, actor_id: int, modlog: ModLog) -> None:
         """Method that takes care of uploading the queue and posting modlog alert."""
-        triggered_by_users = ", ".join(format_user(m) for m in self.members.values())
+        triggered_by_users = ", ".join(format_user(m) for m in self.members)
+        triggered_in_channel = f"**Triggered in:** {self.triggered_in.mention}\n" if len(self.channels) > 1 else ""
+        channels_description = ", ".join(channel.mention for channel in self.channels)
 
         mod_alert_message = (
             f"**Triggered by:** {triggered_by_users}\n"
-            f"**Channel:** {self.channel.mention}\n"
+            f"{triggered_in_channel}"
+            f"**Channels:** {channels_description}\n"
             f"**Rules:** {', '.join(rule for rule in self.rules)}\n"
         )
 
@@ -116,6 +121,14 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
 
         self.message_deletion_queue = dict()
 
+        # Fetch the rule configuration with the highest rule interval.
+        max_interval_config = max(
+            AntiSpamConfig.rules.values(),
+            key=itemgetter('interval')
+        )
+        self.max_interval = max_interval_config['interval']
+        self.cache = MessageCache(AntiSpamConfig.cache_size, newest_first=True)
+
         self.bot.loop.create_task(self.alert_on_validation_error(), name="AntiSpam.alert_on_validation_error")
 
     @property
@@ -155,19 +168,10 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
         ):
             return
 
-        # Fetch the rule configuration with the highest rule interval.
-        max_interval_config = max(
-            AntiSpamConfig.rules.values(),
-            key=itemgetter('interval')
-        )
-        max_interval = max_interval_config['interval']
+        self.cache.append(message)
 
-        # Store history messages since `interval` seconds ago in a list to prevent unnecessary API calls.
-        earliest_relevant_at = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(seconds=max_interval)
-        relevant_messages = [
-            msg async for msg in message.channel.history(after=earliest_relevant_at, oldest_first=False)
-            if not msg.author.bot
-        ]
+        earliest_relevant_at = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(seconds=self.max_interval)
+        relevant_messages = list(takewhile(lambda msg: msg.created_at > earliest_relevant_at, self.cache))
 
         for rule_name in AntiSpamConfig.rules:
             rule_config = AntiSpamConfig.rules[rule_name]
@@ -175,9 +179,10 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
 
             # Create a list of messages that were sent in the interval that the rule cares about.
             latest_interesting_stamp = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(seconds=rule_config['interval'])
-            messages_for_rule = [
-                msg for msg in relevant_messages if msg.created_at > latest_interesting_stamp
-            ]
+            messages_for_rule = list(
+                takewhile(lambda msg: msg.created_at > latest_interesting_stamp, relevant_messages)
+            )
+
             result = await rule_function(message, messages_for_rule, rule_config)
 
             # If the rule returns `None`, that means the message didn't violate it.
@@ -190,19 +195,19 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
                 full_reason = f"`{rule_name}` rule: {reason}"
 
                 # If there's no spam event going on for this channel, start a new Message Deletion Context
-                channel = message.channel
-                if channel.id not in self.message_deletion_queue:
-                    log.trace(f"Creating queue for channel `{channel.id}`")
-                    self.message_deletion_queue[message.channel.id] = DeletionContext(channel)
+                authors_set = frozenset(members)
+                if authors_set not in self.message_deletion_queue:
+                    log.trace(f"Creating queue for members `{authors_set}`")
+                    self.message_deletion_queue[authors_set] = DeletionContext(authors_set, message.channel)
                     scheduling.create_task(
-                        self._process_deletion_context(message.channel.id),
-                        name=f"AntiSpam._process_deletion_context({message.channel.id})"
+                        self._process_deletion_context(authors_set),
+                        name=f"AntiSpam._process_deletion_context({authors_set})"
                     )
 
                 # Add the relevant of this trigger to the Deletion Context
-                await self.message_deletion_queue[message.channel.id].add(
+                await self.message_deletion_queue[authors_set].add(
                     rule_name=rule_name,
-                    members=members,
+                    channels=set(message.channel for message in messages_for_rule),
                     messages=relevant_messages
                 )
 
@@ -212,7 +217,7 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
                         name=f"AntiSpam.punish(message={message.id}, member={member.id}, rule={rule_name})"
                     )
 
-                await self.maybe_delete_messages(channel, relevant_messages)
+                await self.maybe_delete_messages(messages_for_rule)
                 break
 
     @lock.lock_arg("antispam.punish", "member", attrgetter("id"))
@@ -234,14 +239,18 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
                 reason=reason
             )
 
-    async def maybe_delete_messages(self, channel: TextChannel, messages: List[Message]) -> None:
+    async def maybe_delete_messages(self, messages: List[Message]) -> None:
         """Cleans the messages if cleaning is configured."""
         if AntiSpamConfig.clean_offending:
             # If we have more than one message, we can use bulk delete.
             if len(messages) > 1:
                 message_ids = [message.id for message in messages]
                 self.mod_log.ignore(Event.message_delete, *message_ids)
-                await channel.delete_messages(messages)
+                channel_messages = defaultdict(list)
+                for message in messages:
+                    channel_messages[message.channel].append(message)
+                for channel, messages in channel_messages.items():
+                    await channel.delete_messages(messages)
 
             # Otherwise, the bulk delete endpoint will throw up.
             # Delete the message directly instead.
@@ -252,7 +261,7 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
                 except NotFound:
                     log.info(f"Tried to delete message `{messages[0].id}`, but message could not be found.")
 
-    async def _process_deletion_context(self, context_id: int) -> None:
+    async def _process_deletion_context(self, context_id: frozenset) -> None:
         """Processes the Deletion Context queue."""
         log.trace("Sleeping before processing message deletion queue.")
         await asyncio.sleep(10)
@@ -264,6 +273,11 @@ class AntiSpam(Cog):
         deletion_context = self.message_deletion_queue.pop(context_id)
         await deletion_context.upload_messages(self.bot.user.id, self.mod_log)
 
+    @Cog.listener()
+    async def on_message_edit(self, before: Message, after: Message) -> None:
+        """Updates the message in the cache, if it's cached."""
+        self.cache.update(after)
+
 
 def validate_config(rules_: Mapping = AntiSpamConfig.rules) -> Dict[str, str]:
     """Validates the antispam configs."""
diff --git a/bot/exts/filters/filtering.py b/bot/exts/filters/filtering.py
index 16aaf11cf..10cc7885d 100644
--- a/bot/exts/filters/filtering.py
+++ b/bot/exts/filters/filtering.py
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ from bot.constants import (
     Channels, Colours, Filter,
     Guild, Icons, URLs
 )
+from bot.exts.events.code_jams._channels import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
 from bot.exts.moderation.modlog import ModLog
-from bot.exts.utils.jams import CATEGORY_NAME as JAM_CATEGORY_NAME
 from bot.utils.messages import format_user
 from bot.utils.regex import INVITE_RE
 from bot.utils.scheduling import Scheduler
diff --git a/bot/exts/filters/webhook_remover.py b/bot/exts/filters/webhook_remover.py
index f11fc8912..25e267426 100644
--- a/bot/exts/filters/webhook_remover.py
+++ b/bot/exts/filters/webhook_remover.py
@@ -9,12 +9,15 @@ from bot.constants import Channels, Colours, Event, Icons
 from bot.exts.moderation.modlog import ModLog
 from bot.utils.messages import format_user
 
-WEBHOOK_URL_RE = re.compile(r"((?:https?://)?discord(?:app)?\.com/api/webhooks/\d+/)\S+/?", re.IGNORECASE)
+WEBHOOK_URL_RE = re.compile(
+    r"((?:https?:\/\/)?(?:ptb\.|canary\.)?discord(?:app)?\.com\/api\/webhooks\/\d+\/)\S+\/?",
+    re.IGNORECASE
+)
 
 ALERT_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE = (
     "{user}, looks like you posted a Discord webhook URL. Therefore, your "
-    "message has been removed. Your webhook may have been **compromised** so "
-    "please re-create the webhook **immediately**. If you believe this was a "
+    "message has been removed, and your webhook has been deleted. "
+    "You can re-create it if you wish to. If you believe this was a "
     "mistake, please let us know."
 )
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ class WebhookRemover(Cog):
         """Get current instance of `ModLog`."""
         return self.bot.get_cog("ModLog")
 
-    async def delete_and_respond(self, msg: Message, redacted_url: str) -> None:
+    async def delete_and_respond(self, msg: Message, redacted_url: str, *, webhook_deleted: bool) -> None:
         """Delete `msg` and send a warning that it contained the Discord webhook `redacted_url`."""
         # Don't log this, due internal delete, not by user. Will make different entry.
         self.mod_log.ignore(Event.message_delete, msg.id)
@@ -44,9 +47,12 @@ class WebhookRemover(Cog):
             return
 
         await msg.channel.send(ALERT_MESSAGE_TEMPLATE.format(user=msg.author.mention))
-
+        if webhook_deleted:
+            delete_state = "The webhook was successfully deleted."
+        else:
+            delete_state = "There was an error when deleting the webhook, it might have already been removed."
         message = (
-            f"{format_user(msg.author)} posted a Discord webhook URL to {msg.channel.mention}. "
+            f"{format_user(msg.author)} posted a Discord webhook URL to {msg.channel.mention}. {delete_state} "
             f"Webhook URL was `{redacted_url}`"
         )
         log.debug(message)
@@ -72,7 +78,10 @@ class WebhookRemover(Cog):
 
         matches = WEBHOOK_URL_RE.search(msg.content)
         if matches:
-            await self.delete_and_respond(msg, matches[1] + "xxx")
+            async with self.bot.http_session.delete(matches[0]) as resp:
+                # The Discord API Returns a 204 NO CONTENT response on success.
+                deleted_successfully = resp.status == 204
+            await self.delete_and_respond(msg, matches[1] + "xxx", webhook_deleted=deleted_successfully)
 
     @Cog.listener()
     async def on_message_edit(self, before: Message, after: Message) -> None:
diff --git a/bot/exts/fun/duck_pond.py b/bot/exts/fun/duck_pond.py
index c78b9c141..7f7e4585c 100644
--- a/bot/exts/fun/duck_pond.py
+++ b/bot/exts/fun/duck_pond.py
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@ import logging
 from typing import Union
 
 import discord
-from discord import Color, Embed, Member, Message, RawReactionActionEvent, TextChannel, User, errors
+from discord import Color, Embed, Message, RawReactionActionEvent, TextChannel, errors
 from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, command
 
 from bot import constants
 from bot.bot import Bot
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.utils.checks import has_any_role
 from bot.utils.messages import count_unique_users_reaction, send_attachments
 from bot.utils.webhooks import send_webhook
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ class DuckPond(Cog):
             log.exception(f"Failed to fetch webhook with id `{self.webhook_id}`")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def is_staff(member: Union[User, Member]) -> bool:
+    def is_staff(member: MemberOrUser) -> bool:
         """Check if a specific member or user is staff."""
         if hasattr(member, "roles"):
             for role in member.roles:
@@ -171,8 +172,14 @@ class DuckPond(Cog):
         if not self.is_helper_viewable(channel):
             return
 
-        message = await channel.fetch_message(payload.message_id)
+        try:
+            message = await channel.fetch_message(payload.message_id)
+        except discord.NotFound:
+            return  # Message was deleted.
+
         member = discord.utils.get(message.guild.members, id=payload.user_id)
+        if not member:
+            return  # Member left or wasn't in the cache.
 
         # Was the message sent by a human staff member?
         if not self.is_staff(message.author) or message.author.bot:
diff --git a/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py b/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
index 35658d117..cfc9cf477 100644
--- a/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
+++ b/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
@@ -267,6 +267,8 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
             for channel in channels[:abs(missing)]:
                 await self.unclaim_channel(channel, closed_on=_channel.ClosingReason.CLEANUP)
 
+        self.available_help_channels = set(_channel.get_category_channels(self.available_category))
+
         # Getting channels that need to be included in the dynamic message.
         await self.update_available_help_channels()
         log.trace("Dynamic available help message updated.")
@@ -387,7 +389,12 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         )
 
         log.trace(f"Sending dormant message for #{channel} ({channel.id}).")
-        embed = discord.Embed(description=_message.DORMANT_MSG)
+        embed = discord.Embed(
+            description=_message.DORMANT_MSG.format(
+                dormant=self.dormant_category.name,
+                available=self.available_category.name,
+            )
+        )
         await channel.send(embed=embed)
 
         log.trace(f"Pushing #{channel} ({channel.id}) into the channel queue.")
@@ -511,11 +518,6 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
     async def update_available_help_channels(self) -> None:
         """Updates the dynamic message within #how-to-get-help for available help channels."""
-        if not self.available_help_channels:
-            self.available_help_channels = set(
-                c for c in self.available_category.channels if not _channel.is_excluded_channel(c)
-            )
-
         available_channels = AVAILABLE_HELP_CHANNELS.format(
             available=", ".join(
                 c.mention for c in sorted(self.available_help_channels, key=attrgetter("position"))
diff --git a/bot/exts/help_channels/_message.py b/bot/exts/help_channels/_message.py
index befacd263..077b20b47 100644
--- a/bot/exts/help_channels/_message.py
+++ b/bot/exts/help_channels/_message.py
@@ -30,12 +30,12 @@ AVAILABLE_TITLE = "Available help channel"
 AVAILABLE_FOOTER = "Closes after a period of inactivity, or when you send !close."
 
 DORMANT_MSG = f"""
-This help channel has been marked as **dormant**, and has been moved into the **Help: Dormant** \
+This help channel has been marked as **dormant**, and has been moved into the **{{dormant}}** \
 category at the bottom of the channel list. It is no longer possible to send messages in this \
 channel until it becomes available again.
 
 If your question wasn't answered yet, you can claim a new help channel from the \
-**Help: Available** category by simply asking your question again. Consider rephrasing the \
+**{{available}}** category by simply asking your question again. Consider rephrasing the \
 question to maximize your chance of getting a good answer. If you're not sure how, have a look \
 through our guide for **[asking a good question]({ASKING_GUIDE_URL})**.
 """
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/code_snippets.py b/bot/exts/info/code_snippets.py
index 24a9ae28a..4a90a0668 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/code_snippets.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/code_snippets.py
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ import textwrap
 from typing import Any
 from urllib.parse import quote_plus
 
+import discord
 from aiohttp import ClientResponseError
-from discord import Message
 from discord.ext.commands import Cog
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
@@ -45,6 +45,17 @@ class CodeSnippets(Cog):
     Matches each message against a regex and prints the contents of all matched snippets.
     """
 
+    def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
+        """Initializes the cog's bot."""
+        self.bot = bot
+
+        self.pattern_handlers = [
+            (GITHUB_RE, self._fetch_github_snippet),
+            (GITHUB_GIST_RE, self._fetch_github_gist_snippet),
+            (GITLAB_RE, self._fetch_gitlab_snippet),
+            (BITBUCKET_RE, self._fetch_bitbucket_snippet)
+        ]
+
     async def _fetch_response(self, url: str, response_format: str, **kwargs) -> Any:
         """Makes http requests using aiohttp."""
         async with self.bot.http_session.get(url, raise_for_status=True, **kwargs) as response:
@@ -208,56 +219,56 @@ class CodeSnippets(Cog):
         # Returns an empty codeblock if the snippet is empty
         return f'{ret}``` ```'
 
-    def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
-        """Initializes the cog's bot."""
-        self.bot = bot
+    async def _parse_snippets(self, content: str) -> str:
+        """Parse message content and return a string with a code block for each URL found."""
+        all_snippets = []
+
+        for pattern, handler in self.pattern_handlers:
+            for match in pattern.finditer(content):
+                try:
+                    snippet = await handler(**match.groupdict())
+                    all_snippets.append((match.start(), snippet))
+                except ClientResponseError as error:
+                    error_message = error.message  # noqa: B306
+                    log.log(
+                        logging.DEBUG if error.status == 404 else logging.ERROR,
+                        f'Failed to fetch code snippet from {match[0]!r}: {error.status} '
+                        f'{error_message} for GET {error.request_info.real_url.human_repr()}'
+                    )
 
-        self.pattern_handlers = [
-            (GITHUB_RE, self._fetch_github_snippet),
-            (GITHUB_GIST_RE, self._fetch_github_gist_snippet),
-            (GITLAB_RE, self._fetch_gitlab_snippet),
-            (BITBUCKET_RE, self._fetch_bitbucket_snippet)
-        ]
+        # Sorts the list of snippets by their match index and joins them into a single message
+        return '\n'.join(map(lambda x: x[1], sorted(all_snippets)))
 
     @Cog.listener()
-    async def on_message(self, message: Message) -> None:
+    async def on_message(self, message: discord.Message) -> None:
         """Checks if the message has a snippet link, removes the embed, then sends the snippet contents."""
-        if not message.author.bot:
-            all_snippets = []
-
-            for pattern, handler in self.pattern_handlers:
-                for match in pattern.finditer(message.content):
-                    try:
-                        snippet = await handler(**match.groupdict())
-                        all_snippets.append((match.start(), snippet))
-                    except ClientResponseError as error:
-                        error_message = error.message  # noqa: B306
-                        log.log(
-                            logging.DEBUG if error.status == 404 else logging.ERROR,
-                            f'Failed to fetch code snippet from {match[0]!r}: {error.status} '
-                            f'{error_message} for GET {error.request_info.real_url.human_repr()}'
-                        )
-
-            # Sorts the list of snippets by their match index and joins them into a single message
-            message_to_send = '\n'.join(map(lambda x: x[1], sorted(all_snippets)))
-
-            if 0 < len(message_to_send) <= 2000 and message_to_send.count('\n') <= 15:
+        if message.author.bot:
+            return
+
+        message_to_send = await self._parse_snippets(message.content)
+        destination = message.channel
+
+        if 0 < len(message_to_send) <= 2000 and message_to_send.count('\n') <= 15:
+            try:
                 await message.edit(suppress=True)
-                if len(message_to_send) > 1000 and message.channel.id != Channels.bot_commands:
-                    # Redirects to #bot-commands if the snippet contents are too long
-                    await self.bot.wait_until_guild_available()
-                    await message.channel.send(('The snippet you tried to send was too long. Please '
-                                                f'see <#{Channels.bot_commands}> for the full snippet.'))
-                    bot_commands_channel = self.bot.get_channel(Channels.bot_commands)
-                    await wait_for_deletion(
-                        await bot_commands_channel.send(message_to_send),
-                        (message.author.id,)
-                    )
-                else:
-                    await wait_for_deletion(
-                        await message.channel.send(message_to_send),
-                        (message.author.id,)
-                    )
+            except discord.NotFound:
+                # Don't send snippets if the original message was deleted.
+                return
+
+            if len(message_to_send) > 1000 and message.channel.id != Channels.bot_commands:
+                # Redirects to #bot-commands if the snippet contents are too long
+                await self.bot.wait_until_guild_available()
+                destination = self.bot.get_channel(Channels.bot_commands)
+
+                await message.channel.send(
+                    'The snippet you tried to send was too long. '
+                    f'Please see {destination.mention} for the full snippet.'
+                )
+
+            await wait_for_deletion(
+                await destination.send(message_to_send),
+                (message.author.id,)
+            )
 
 
 def setup(bot: Bot) -> None:
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/codeblock/_cog.py b/bot/exts/info/codeblock/_cog.py
index 9094d9d15..9a0705d2b 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/codeblock/_cog.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/codeblock/_cog.py
@@ -177,10 +177,13 @@ class CodeBlockCog(Cog, name="Code Block"):
         if not bot_message:
             return
 
-        if not instructions:
-            log.info("User's incorrect code block has been fixed. Removing instructions message.")
-            await bot_message.delete()
-            del self.codeblock_message_ids[payload.message_id]
-        else:
-            log.info("Message edited but still has invalid code blocks; editing the instructions.")
-            await bot_message.edit(embed=self.create_embed(instructions))
+        try:
+            if not instructions:
+                log.info("User's incorrect code block was fixed. Removing instructions message.")
+                await bot_message.delete()
+                del self.codeblock_message_ids[payload.message_id]
+            else:
+                log.info("Message edited but still has invalid code blocks; editing instructions.")
+                await bot_message.edit(embed=self.create_embed(instructions))
+        except discord.NotFound:
+            log.debug("Could not find instructions message; it was probably deleted.")
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/information.py b/bot/exts/info/information.py
index 167731e64..8bef6a8cd 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/information.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/information.py
@@ -8,11 +8,12 @@ from typing import Any, DefaultDict, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union
 import rapidfuzz
 from discord import AllowedMentions, Colour, Embed, Guild, Message, Role
 from discord.ext.commands import BucketType, Cog, Context, Paginator, command, group, has_any_role
+from discord.utils import escape_markdown
 
 from bot import constants
 from bot.api import ResponseCodeError
 from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.converters import FetchedMember
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.decorators import in_whitelist
 from bot.errors import NonExistentRoleError
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
@@ -186,21 +187,21 @@ class Information(Cog):
         online_presences = py_invite.approximate_presence_count
         offline_presences = py_invite.approximate_member_count - online_presences
         member_status = (
-            f"{constants.Emojis.status_online} {online_presences} "
-            f"{constants.Emojis.status_offline} {offline_presences}"
+            f"{constants.Emojis.status_online} {online_presences:,} "
+            f"{constants.Emojis.status_offline} {offline_presences:,}"
         )
 
-        embed.description = textwrap.dedent(f"""
-            Created: {created}
-            Voice region: {region}\
-            {features}
-            Roles: {num_roles}
-            Member status: {member_status}
-        """)
+        embed.description = (
+            f"Created: {created}"
+            f"\nVoice region: {region}"
+            f"{features}"
+            f"\nRoles: {num_roles}"
+            f"\nMember status: {member_status}"
+        )
         embed.set_thumbnail(url=ctx.guild.icon_url)
 
         # Members
-        total_members = ctx.guild.member_count
+        total_members = f"{ctx.guild.member_count:,}"
         member_counts = self.get_member_counts(ctx.guild)
         member_info = "\n".join(f"{role}: {count}" for role, count in member_counts.items())
         embed.add_field(name=f"Members: {total_members}", value=member_info)
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
         await ctx.send(embed=embed)
 
     @command(name="user", aliases=["user_info", "member", "member_info", "u"])
-    async def user_info(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember = None) -> None:
+    async def user_info(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser = None) -> None:
         """Returns info about a user."""
         if user is None:
             user = ctx.author
@@ -235,7 +236,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
             embed = await self.create_user_embed(ctx, user)
             await ctx.send(embed=embed)
 
-    async def create_user_embed(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember) -> Embed:
+    async def create_user_embed(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> Embed:
         """Creates an embed containing information on the `user`."""
         on_server = bool(ctx.guild.get_member(user.id))
 
@@ -244,6 +245,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
         name = str(user)
         if on_server and user.nick:
             name = f"{user.nick} ({name})"
+        name = escape_markdown(name)
 
         if user.public_flags.verified_bot:
             name += f" {constants.Emojis.verified_bot}"
@@ -257,7 +259,11 @@ class Information(Cog):
                 badges.append(emoji)
 
         if on_server:
-            joined = discord_timestamp(user.joined_at, TimestampFormats.RELATIVE)
+            if user.joined_at:
+                joined = discord_timestamp(user.joined_at, TimestampFormats.RELATIVE)
+            else:
+                joined = "Unable to get join date"
+
             # The 0 is for excluding the default @everyone role,
             # and the -1 is for reversing the order of the roles to highest to lowest in hierarchy.
             roles = ", ".join(role.mention for role in user.roles[:0:-1])
@@ -307,7 +313,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
 
         return embed
 
-    async def basic_user_infraction_counts(self, user: FetchedMember) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    async def basic_user_infraction_counts(self, user: MemberOrUser) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Gets the total and active infraction counts for the given `member`."""
         infractions = await self.bot.api_client.get(
             'bot/infractions',
@@ -324,7 +330,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
 
         return "Infractions", infraction_output
 
-    async def expanded_user_infraction_counts(self, user: FetchedMember) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    async def expanded_user_infraction_counts(self, user: MemberOrUser) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """
         Gets expanded infraction counts for the given `member`.
 
@@ -365,7 +371,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
 
         return "Infractions", "\n".join(infraction_output)
 
-    async def user_nomination_counts(self, user: FetchedMember) -> Tuple[str, str]:
+    async def user_nomination_counts(self, user: MemberOrUser) -> Tuple[str, str]:
         """Gets the active and historical nomination counts for the given `member`."""
         nominations = await self.bot.api_client.get(
             'bot/nominations',
@@ -390,7 +396,7 @@ class Information(Cog):
 
         return "Nominations", "\n".join(output)
 
-    async def user_messages(self, user: FetchedMember) -> Tuple[Union[bool, str], Tuple[str, str]]:
+    async def user_messages(self, user: MemberOrUser) -> Tuple[Union[bool, str], Tuple[str, str]]:
         """
         Gets the amount of messages for `member`.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/pep.py b/bot/exts/info/pep.py
index 8ac96bbdb..b11b34db0 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/pep.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/pep.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, command
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Keys
-from bot.utils.cache import AsyncCache
+from bot.utils.caching import AsyncCache
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/python_news.py b/bot/exts/info/python_news.py
index a7837c93a..63eb4ac17 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/python_news.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/python_news.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import logging
+import re
 import typing as t
 from datetime import date, datetime
 
@@ -72,6 +73,11 @@ class PythonNews(Cog):
             if mail["name"].split("@")[0] in constants.PythonNews.mail_lists:
                 self.webhook_names[mail["name"].split("@")[0]] = mail["display_name"]
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def escape_markdown(content: str) -> str:
+        """Escape the markdown underlines and spoilers."""
+        return re.sub(r"[_|]", lambda match: "\\" + match[0], content)
+
     async def post_pep_news(self) -> None:
         """Fetch new PEPs and when they don't have announcement in #python-news, create it."""
         # Wait until everything is ready and http_session available
@@ -103,7 +109,7 @@ class PythonNews(Cog):
             # Build an embed and send a webhook
             embed = discord.Embed(
                 title=new["title"],
-                description=new["summary"],
+                description=self.escape_markdown(new["summary"]),
                 timestamp=new_datetime,
                 url=new["link"],
                 colour=constants.Colours.soft_green
@@ -167,7 +173,7 @@ class PythonNews(Cog):
                 ):
                     continue
 
-                content = email_information["content"]
+                content = self.escape_markdown(email_information["content"])
                 link = THREAD_URL.format(id=thread["href"].split("/")[-2], list=maillist)
 
                 # Build an embed and send a message to the webhook
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/site.py b/bot/exts/info/site.py
index fb5b99086..28eb558a6 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/site.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/site.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-PAGES_URL = f"{URLs.site_schema}{URLs.site}/pages"
+BASE_URL = f"{URLs.site_schema}{URLs.site}"
 
 
 class Site(Cog):
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class Site(Cog):
     @site_group.command(name="resources", root_aliases=("resources", "resource"))
     async def site_resources(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
         """Info about the site's Resources page."""
-        learning_url = f"{PAGES_URL}/resources"
+        learning_url = f"{BASE_URL}/resources"
 
         embed = Embed(title="Resources")
         embed.set_footer(text=f"{learning_url}")
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ class Site(Cog):
     @site_group.command(name="tools", root_aliases=("tools",))
     async def site_tools(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
         """Info about the site's Tools page."""
-        tools_url = f"{PAGES_URL}/resources/tools"
+        tools_url = f"{BASE_URL}/resources/tools"
 
         embed = Embed(title="Tools")
         embed.set_footer(text=f"{tools_url}")
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class Site(Cog):
     @site_group.command(name="help")
     async def site_help(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
         """Info about the site's Getting Help page."""
-        url = f"{PAGES_URL}/resources/guides/asking-good-questions"
+        url = f"{BASE_URL}/pages/guides/pydis-guides/asking-good-questions/"
 
         embed = Embed(title="Asking Good Questions")
         embed.set_footer(text=url)
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class Site(Cog):
     @site_group.command(name="faq", root_aliases=("faq",))
     async def site_faq(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
         """Info about the site's FAQ page."""
-        url = f"{PAGES_URL}/frequently-asked-questions"
+        url = f"{BASE_URL}/pages/frequently-asked-questions"
 
         embed = Embed(title="FAQ")
         embed.set_footer(text=url)
@@ -107,13 +107,13 @@ class Site(Cog):
     @site_group.command(name="rules", aliases=("r", "rule"), root_aliases=("rules", "rule"))
     async def site_rules(self, ctx: Context, rules: Greedy[int]) -> None:
         """Provides a link to all rules or, if specified, displays specific rule(s)."""
-        rules_embed = Embed(title='Rules', color=Colour.blurple(), url=f'{PAGES_URL}/rules')
+        rules_embed = Embed(title='Rules', color=Colour.blurple(), url=f'{BASE_URL}/pages/rules')
 
         if not rules:
             # Rules were not submitted. Return the default description.
             rules_embed.description = (
                 "The rules and guidelines that apply to this community can be found on"
-                f" our [rules page]({PAGES_URL}/rules). We expect"
+                f" our [rules page]({BASE_URL}/pages/rules). We expect"
                 " all members of the community to have read and understood these."
             )
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/incidents.py b/bot/exts/moderation/incidents.py
index 0e479d33f..561e0251e 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/incidents.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/incidents.py
@@ -143,7 +143,14 @@ async def add_signals(incident: discord.Message) -> None:
             log.trace(f"Skipping emoji as it's already been placed: {signal_emoji}")
         else:
             log.trace(f"Adding reaction: {signal_emoji}")
-            await incident.add_reaction(signal_emoji.value)
+            try:
+                await incident.add_reaction(signal_emoji.value)
+            except discord.NotFound as e:
+                if e.code != 10008:
+                    raise
+
+                log.trace(f"Couldn't react with signal because message {incident.id} was deleted; skipping incident")
+                return
 
 
 class Incidents(Cog):
@@ -288,14 +295,20 @@ class Incidents(Cog):
         members_roles: t.Set[int] = {role.id for role in member.roles}
         if not members_roles & ALLOWED_ROLES:  # Intersection is truthy on at least 1 common element
             log.debug(f"Removing invalid reaction: user {member} is not permitted to send signals")
-            await incident.remove_reaction(reaction, member)
+            try:
+                await incident.remove_reaction(reaction, member)
+            except discord.NotFound:
+                log.trace("Couldn't remove reaction because the reaction or its message was deleted")
             return
 
         try:
             signal = Signal(reaction)
         except ValueError:
             log.debug(f"Removing invalid reaction: emoji {reaction} is not a valid signal")
-            await incident.remove_reaction(reaction, member)
+            try:
+                await incident.remove_reaction(reaction, member)
+            except discord.NotFound:
+                log.trace("Couldn't remove reaction because the reaction or its message was deleted")
             return
 
         log.trace(f"Received signal: {signal}")
@@ -313,7 +326,10 @@ class Incidents(Cog):
         confirmation_task = self.make_confirmation_task(incident, timeout)
 
         log.trace("Deleting original message")
-        await incident.delete()
+        try:
+            await incident.delete()
+        except discord.NotFound:
+            log.trace("Couldn't delete message because it was already deleted")
 
         log.trace(f"Awaiting deletion confirmation: {timeout=} seconds")
         try:
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_scheduler.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_scheduler.py
index 8286d3635..6ba4e74e9 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_scheduler.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_scheduler.py
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ from bot import constants
 from bot.api import ResponseCodeError
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Colours
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.exts.moderation.infraction import _utils
-from bot.exts.moderation.infraction._utils import UserSnowflake
 from bot.exts.moderation.modlog import ModLog
 from bot.utils import messages, scheduling, time
 from bot.utils.channel import is_mod_channel
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
         self,
         ctx: Context,
         infraction: _utils.Infraction,
-        user: UserSnowflake,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         action_coro: t.Optional[t.Awaitable] = None,
         user_reason: t.Optional[str] = None,
         additional_info: str = "",
@@ -165,17 +165,10 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
             dm_result = f"{constants.Emojis.failmail} "
             dm_log_text = "\nDM: **Failed**"
 
-            # Sometimes user is a discord.Object; make it a proper user.
-            try:
-                if not isinstance(user, (discord.Member, discord.User)):
-                    user = await self.bot.fetch_user(user.id)
-            except discord.HTTPException as e:
-                log.error(f"Failed to DM {user.id}: could not fetch user (status {e.status})")
-            else:
-                # Accordingly display whether the user was successfully notified via DM.
-                if await _utils.notify_infraction(user, infr_type.replace("_", " ").title(), expiry, user_reason, icon):
-                    dm_result = ":incoming_envelope: "
-                    dm_log_text = "\nDM: Sent"
+            # Accordingly display whether the user was successfully notified via DM.
+            if await _utils.notify_infraction(user, infr_type.replace("_", " ").title(), expiry, user_reason, icon):
+                dm_result = ":incoming_envelope: "
+                dm_log_text = "\nDM: Sent"
 
         end_msg = ""
         if infraction["actor"] == self.bot.user.id:
@@ -264,14 +257,18 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
             self,
             ctx: Context,
             infr_type: str,
-            user: UserSnowflake,
-            send_msg: bool = True
+            user: MemberOrUser,
+            *,
+            send_msg: bool = True,
+            notify: bool = True
     ) -> None:
         """
         Prematurely end an infraction for a user and log the action in the mod log.
 
         If `send_msg` is True, then a pardoning confirmation message will be sent to
-        the context channel.  Otherwise, no such message will be sent.
+        the context channel. Otherwise, no such message will be sent.
+
+        If `notify` is True, notify the user of the pardon via DM where applicable.
         """
         log.trace(f"Pardoning {infr_type} infraction for {user}.")
 
@@ -292,7 +289,7 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
             return
 
         # Deactivate the infraction and cancel its scheduled expiration task.
-        log_text = await self.deactivate_infraction(response[0], send_log=False)
+        log_text = await self.deactivate_infraction(response[0], send_log=False, notify=notify)
 
         log_text["Member"] = messages.format_user(user)
         log_text["Actor"] = ctx.author.mention
@@ -345,7 +342,9 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
     async def deactivate_infraction(
         self,
         infraction: _utils.Infraction,
-        send_log: bool = True
+        *,
+        send_log: bool = True,
+        notify: bool = True
     ) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
         """
         Deactivate an active infraction and return a dictionary of lines to send in a mod log.
@@ -354,6 +353,8 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
         expiration task cancelled. If `send_log` is True, a mod log is sent for the
         deactivation of the infraction.
 
+        If `notify` is True, notify the user of the pardon via DM where applicable.
+
         Infractions of unsupported types will raise a ValueError.
         """
         guild = self.bot.get_guild(constants.Guild.id)
@@ -380,7 +381,7 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
 
         try:
             log.trace("Awaiting the pardon action coroutine.")
-            returned_log = await self._pardon_action(infraction)
+            returned_log = await self._pardon_action(infraction, notify)
 
             if returned_log is not None:
                 log_text = {**log_text, **returned_log}  # Merge the logs together
@@ -468,10 +469,15 @@ class InfractionScheduler:
         return log_text
 
     @abstractmethod
-    async def _pardon_action(self, infraction: _utils.Infraction) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
+    async def _pardon_action(
+        self,
+        infraction: _utils.Infraction,
+        notify: bool
+    ) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
         """
         Execute deactivation steps specific to the infraction's type and return a log dict.
 
+        If `notify` is True, notify the user of the pardon via DM where applicable.
         If an infraction type is unsupported, return None instead.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_utils.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_utils.py
index a4059a6e9..b20ef1d06 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_utils.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/_utils.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Context
 
 from bot.api import ResponseCodeError
 from bot.constants import Colours, Icons
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.errors import InvalidInfractedUserError
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -24,8 +25,6 @@ INFRACTION_ICONS = {
 RULES_URL = "https://pythondiscord.com/pages/rules"
 
 # Type aliases
-UserObject = t.Union[discord.Member, discord.User]
-UserSnowflake = t.Union[UserObject, discord.Object]
 Infraction = t.Dict[str, t.Union[str, int, bool]]
 
 APPEAL_EMAIL = "[email protected]"
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ INFRACTION_DESCRIPTION_TEMPLATE = (
 )
 
 
-async def post_user(ctx: Context, user: UserSnowflake) -> t.Optional[dict]:
+async def post_user(ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> t.Optional[dict]:
     """
     Create a new user in the database.
 
@@ -53,14 +52,11 @@ async def post_user(ctx: Context, user: UserSnowflake) -> t.Optional[dict]:
     """
     log.trace(f"Attempting to add user {user.id} to the database.")
 
-    if not isinstance(user, (discord.Member, discord.User)):
-        log.debug("The user being added to the DB is not a Member or User object.")
-
     payload = {
-        'discriminator': int(getattr(user, 'discriminator', 0)),
+        'discriminator': int(user.discriminator),
         'id': user.id,
         'in_guild': False,
-        'name': getattr(user, 'name', 'Name unknown'),
+        'name': user.name,
         'roles': []
     }
 
@@ -75,7 +71,7 @@ async def post_user(ctx: Context, user: UserSnowflake) -> t.Optional[dict]:
 
 async def post_infraction(
         ctx: Context,
-        user: UserSnowflake,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         infr_type: str,
         reason: str,
         expires_at: datetime = None,
@@ -118,7 +114,7 @@ async def post_infraction(
 
 async def get_active_infraction(
         ctx: Context,
-        user: UserSnowflake,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         infr_type: str,
         send_msg: bool = True
 ) -> t.Optional[dict]:
@@ -143,17 +139,22 @@ async def get_active_infraction(
         # Checks to see if the moderator should be told there is an active infraction
         if send_msg:
             log.trace(f"{user} has active infractions of type {infr_type}.")
-            await ctx.send(
-                f":x: According to my records, this user already has a {infr_type} infraction. "
-                f"See infraction **#{active_infractions[0]['id']}**."
-            )
+            await send_active_infraction_message(ctx, active_infractions[0])
         return active_infractions[0]
     else:
         log.trace(f"{user} does not have active infractions of type {infr_type}.")
 
 
+async def send_active_infraction_message(ctx: Context, infraction: Infraction) -> None:
+    """Send a message stating that the given infraction is active."""
+    await ctx.send(
+        f":x: According to my records, this user already has a {infraction['type']} infraction. "
+        f"See infraction **#{infraction['id']}**."
+    )
+
+
 async def notify_infraction(
-        user: UserObject,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         infr_type: str,
         expires_at: t.Optional[str] = None,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None,
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ async def notify_infraction(
 
 
 async def notify_pardon(
-        user: UserObject,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         title: str,
         content: str,
         icon_url: str = Icons.user_verified
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ async def notify_pardon(
     return await send_private_embed(user, embed)
 
 
-async def send_private_embed(user: UserObject, embed: discord.Embed) -> bool:
+async def send_private_embed(user: MemberOrUser, embed: discord.Embed) -> bool:
     """
     A helper method for sending an embed to a user's DMs.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
index f19323c7c..2f9083c29 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Context, command
 from bot import constants
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Event
-from bot.converters import Duration, Expiry, FetchedMember
+from bot.converters import Duration, Expiry, MemberOrUser
 from bot.decorators import respect_role_hierarchy
 from bot.exts.moderation.infraction import _utils
 from bot.exts.moderation.infraction._scheduler import InfractionScheduler
-from bot.exts.moderation.infraction._utils import UserSnowflake
 from bot.utils.messages import format_user
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     # region: Permanent infractions
 
     @command()
-    async def warn(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    async def warn(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """Warn a user for the given reason."""
         if not isinstance(user, Member):
             await ctx.send(":x: The user doesn't appear to be on the server.")
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
         await self.apply_infraction(ctx, infraction, user)
 
     @command()
-    async def kick(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    async def kick(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """Kick a user for the given reason."""
         if not isinstance(user, Member):
             await ctx.send(":x: The user doesn't appear to be on the server.")
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def ban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: t.Optional[Expiry] = None,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def purgeban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: t.Optional[Expiry] = None,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def voiceban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: t.Optional[Expiry] = None,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str]
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     @command(aliases=["mute"])
     async def tempmute(
         self, ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: t.Optional[Expiry] = None,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None
@@ -163,7 +162,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def tempban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: Expiry,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None
@@ -189,7 +188,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def tempvoiceban(
             self,
             ctx: Context,
-            user: FetchedMember,
+            user: MemberOrUser,
             duration: Expiry,
             *,
             reason: t.Optional[str]
@@ -215,7 +214,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     # region: Permanent shadow infractions
 
     @command(hidden=True)
-    async def note(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    async def note(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """Create a private note for a user with the given reason without notifying the user."""
         infraction = await _utils.post_infraction(ctx, user, "note", reason, hidden=True, active=False)
         if infraction is None:
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
         await self.apply_infraction(ctx, infraction, user)
 
     @command(hidden=True, aliases=['shadowban', 'sban'])
-    async def shadow_ban(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
+    async def shadow_ban(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: t.Optional[str] = None) -> None:
         """Permanently ban a user for the given reason without notifying the user."""
         await self.apply_ban(ctx, user, reason, hidden=True)
 
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def shadow_tempban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: FetchedMember,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         duration: Expiry,
         *,
         reason: t.Optional[str] = None
@@ -261,17 +260,17 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     # region: Remove infractions (un- commands)
 
     @command()
-    async def unmute(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember) -> None:
+    async def unmute(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> None:
         """Prematurely end the active mute infraction for the user."""
         await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "mute", user)
 
     @command()
-    async def unban(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember) -> None:
+    async def unban(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> None:
         """Prematurely end the active ban infraction for the user."""
         await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "ban", user)
 
     @command(aliases=("uvban",))
-    async def unvoiceban(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember) -> None:
+    async def unvoiceban(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> None:
         """Prematurely end the active voice ban infraction for the user."""
         await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "voice_ban", user)
 
@@ -280,8 +279,19 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
 
     async def apply_mute(self, ctx: Context, user: Member, reason: t.Optional[str], **kwargs) -> None:
         """Apply a mute infraction with kwargs passed to `post_infraction`."""
-        if await _utils.get_active_infraction(ctx, user, "mute"):
-            return
+        if active := await _utils.get_active_infraction(ctx, user, "mute", send_msg=False):
+            if active["actor"] != self.bot.user.id:
+                await _utils.send_active_infraction_message(ctx, active)
+                return
+
+            # Allow the current mute attempt to override an automatically triggered mute.
+            log_text = await self.deactivate_infraction(active, notify=False)
+            if "Failure" in log_text:
+                await ctx.send(
+                    f":x: can't override infraction **mute** for {user.mention}: "
+                    f"failed to deactivate. {log_text['Failure']}"
+                )
+                return
 
         infraction = await _utils.post_infraction(ctx, user, "mute", reason, active=True, **kwargs)
         if infraction is None:
@@ -320,7 +330,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     async def apply_ban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
-        user: UserSnowflake,
+        user: MemberOrUser,
         reason: t.Optional[str],
         purge_days: t.Optional[int] = 0,
         **kwargs
@@ -345,7 +355,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
                 return
 
             log.trace("Old tempban is being replaced by new permaban.")
-            await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "ban", user, is_temporary)
+            await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "ban", user, send_msg=is_temporary)
 
         infraction = await _utils.post_infraction(ctx, user, "ban", reason, active=True, **kwargs)
         if infraction is None:
@@ -376,7 +386,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
         await bb_cog.apply_unwatch(ctx, user, bb_reason, send_message=False)
 
     @respect_role_hierarchy(member_arg=2)
-    async def apply_voice_ban(self, ctx: Context, user: UserSnowflake, reason: t.Optional[str], **kwargs) -> None:
+    async def apply_voice_ban(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, reason: t.Optional[str], **kwargs) -> None:
         """Apply a voice ban infraction with kwargs passed to `post_infraction`."""
         if await _utils.get_active_infraction(ctx, user, "voice_ban"):
             return
@@ -403,8 +413,15 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     # endregion
     # region: Base pardon functions
 
-    async def pardon_mute(self, user_id: int, guild: discord.Guild, reason: t.Optional[str]) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
-        """Remove a user's muted role, DM them a notification, and return a log dict."""
+    async def pardon_mute(
+        self,
+        user_id: int,
+        guild: discord.Guild,
+        reason: t.Optional[str],
+        *,
+        notify: bool = True
+    ) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
+        """Remove a user's muted role, optionally DM them a notification, and return a log dict."""
         user = guild.get_member(user_id)
         log_text = {}
 
@@ -413,16 +430,17 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
             self.mod_log.ignore(Event.member_update, user.id)
             await user.remove_roles(self._muted_role, reason=reason)
 
-            # DM the user about the expiration.
-            notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
-                user=user,
-                title="You have been unmuted",
-                content="You may now send messages in the server.",
-                icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["mute"][1]
-            )
+            if notify:
+                # DM the user about the expiration.
+                notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
+                    user=user,
+                    title="You have been unmuted",
+                    content="You may now send messages in the server.",
+                    icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["mute"][1]
+                )
+                log_text["DM"] = "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
 
             log_text["Member"] = format_user(user)
-            log_text["DM"] = "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
         else:
             log.info(f"Failed to unmute user {user_id}: user not found")
             log_text["Failure"] = "User was not found in the guild."
@@ -444,31 +462,39 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
 
         return log_text
 
-    async def pardon_voice_ban(self, user_id: int, guild: discord.Guild, reason: t.Optional[str]) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
-        """Add Voice Verified role back to user, DM them a notification, and return a log dict."""
+    async def pardon_voice_ban(
+        self,
+        user_id: int,
+        guild: discord.Guild,
+        *,
+        notify: bool = True
+    ) -> t.Dict[str, str]:
+        """Optionally DM the user a pardon notification and return a log dict."""
         user = guild.get_member(user_id)
         log_text = {}
 
         if user:
-            # DM user about infraction expiration
-            notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
-                user=user,
-                title="Voice ban ended",
-                content="You have been unbanned and can verify yourself again in the server.",
-                icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["voice_ban"][1]
-            )
+            if notify:
+                # DM user about infraction expiration
+                notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
+                    user=user,
+                    title="Voice ban ended",
+                    content="You have been unbanned and can verify yourself again in the server.",
+                    icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["voice_ban"][1]
+                )
+                log_text["DM"] = "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
 
             log_text["Member"] = format_user(user)
-            log_text["DM"] = "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
         else:
             log_text["Info"] = "User was not found in the guild."
 
         return log_text
 
-    async def _pardon_action(self, infraction: _utils.Infraction) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
+    async def _pardon_action(self, infraction: _utils.Infraction, notify: bool) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
         """
         Execute deactivation steps specific to the infraction's type and return a log dict.
 
+        If `notify` is True, notify the user of the pardon via DM where applicable.
         If an infraction type is unsupported, return None instead.
         """
         guild = self.bot.get_guild(constants.Guild.id)
@@ -476,11 +502,11 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
         reason = f"Infraction #{infraction['id']} expired or was pardoned."
 
         if infraction["type"] == "mute":
-            return await self.pardon_mute(user_id, guild, reason)
+            return await self.pardon_mute(user_id, guild, reason, notify=notify)
         elif infraction["type"] == "ban":
             return await self.pardon_ban(user_id, guild, reason)
         elif infraction["type"] == "voice_ban":
-            return await self.pardon_voice_ban(user_id, guild, reason)
+            return await self.pardon_voice_ban(user_id, guild, notify=notify)
 
     # endregion
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/management.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/management.py
index 3094159cd..641ad0410 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/management.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/management.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from discord.utils import escape_markdown
 
 from bot import constants
 from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.converters import Expiry, Infraction, Snowflake, UserMention, allowed_strings, proxy_user
+from bot.converters import Expiry, Infraction, MemberOrUser, Snowflake, UserMentionOrID, allowed_strings
 from bot.exts.moderation.infraction.infractions import Infractions
 from bot.exts.moderation.modlog import ModLog
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
@@ -201,29 +201,34 @@ class ModManagement(commands.Cog):
     # region: Search infractions
 
     @infraction_group.group(name="search", aliases=('s',), invoke_without_command=True)
-    async def infraction_search_group(self, ctx: Context, query: t.Union[UserMention, Snowflake, str]) -> None:
+    async def infraction_search_group(self, ctx: Context, query: t.Union[UserMentionOrID, Snowflake, str]) -> None:
         """Searches for infractions in the database."""
         if isinstance(query, int):
             await self.search_user(ctx, discord.Object(query))
-        else:
+        elif isinstance(query, str):
             await self.search_reason(ctx, query)
+        else:
+            await self.search_user(ctx, query)
 
     @infraction_search_group.command(name="user", aliases=("member", "id"))
-    async def search_user(self, ctx: Context, user: t.Union[discord.User, proxy_user]) -> None:
+    async def search_user(self, ctx: Context, user: t.Union[MemberOrUser, discord.Object]) -> None:
         """Search for infractions by member."""
         infraction_list = await self.bot.api_client.get(
             'bot/infractions/expanded',
             params={'user__id': str(user.id)}
         )
 
-        user = self.bot.get_user(user.id)
-        if not user and infraction_list:
-            # Use the user data retrieved from the DB for the username.
-            user = infraction_list[0]["user"]
-            user = escape_markdown(user["name"]) + f"#{user['discriminator']:04}"
+        if isinstance(user, (discord.Member, discord.User)):
+            user_str = escape_markdown(str(user))
+        else:
+            if infraction_list:
+                user = infraction_list[0]["user"]
+                user_str = escape_markdown(user["name"]) + f"#{user['discriminator']:04}"
+            else:
+                user_str = str(user.id)
 
         embed = discord.Embed(
-            title=f"Infractions for {user} ({len(infraction_list)} total)",
+            title=f"Infractions for {user_str} ({len(infraction_list)} total)",
             colour=discord.Colour.orange()
         )
         await self.send_infraction_list(ctx, embed, infraction_list)
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/superstarify.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/superstarify.py
index 07e79b9fe..05a2bbe10 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/superstarify.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/superstarify.py
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ class Superstarify(InfractionScheduler, Cog):
         """Remove the superstarify infraction and allow the user to change their nickname."""
         await self.pardon_infraction(ctx, "superstar", member)
 
-    async def _pardon_action(self, infraction: _utils.Infraction) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
-        """Pardon a superstar infraction and return a log dict."""
+    async def _pardon_action(self, infraction: _utils.Infraction, notify: bool) -> t.Optional[t.Dict[str, str]]:
+        """Pardon a superstar infraction, optionally notify the user via DM, and return a log dict."""
         if infraction["type"] != "superstar":
             return
 
@@ -208,18 +208,19 @@ class Superstarify(InfractionScheduler, Cog):
             )
             return {}
 
+        log_text = {"Member": format_user(user)}
+
         # DM the user about the expiration.
-        notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
-            user=user,
-            title="You are no longer superstarified",
-            content="You may now change your nickname on the server.",
-            icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["superstar"][1]
-        )
+        if notify:
+            notified = await _utils.notify_pardon(
+                user=user,
+                title="You are no longer superstarified",
+                content="You may now change your nickname on the server.",
+                icon_url=_utils.INFRACTION_ICONS["superstar"][1]
+            )
+            log_text["DM"] = "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
 
-        return {
-            "Member": format_user(user),
-            "DM": "Sent" if notified else "**Failed**"
-        }
+        return log_text
 
     @staticmethod
     def get_nick(infraction_id: int, member_id: int) -> str:
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/metabase.py b/bot/exts/moderation/metabase.py
index e9faf7240..3b454ab18 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/metabase.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/metabase.py
@@ -42,6 +42,25 @@ class Metabase(Cog):
 
         self.init_task = self.bot.loop.create_task(self.init_cog())
 
+    async def cog_command_error(self, ctx: Context, error: Exception) -> None:
+        """Handle ClientResponseError errors locally to invalidate token if needed."""
+        if not isinstance(error.original, ClientResponseError):
+            return
+
+        if error.original.status == 403:
+            # User doesn't have access to the given question
+            log.warning(f"Failed to auth with Metabase for {error.original.url}.")
+            await ctx.send(f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Failed to auth with Metabase for that question.")
+        elif error.original.status == 404:
+            await ctx.send(f":x: {ctx.author.mention} That question could not be found.")
+        else:
+            # User credentials are invalid, or the refresh failed.
+            # Delete the expiry time, to force a refresh on next startup.
+            await self.session_info.delete("session_expiry")
+            log.exception("Session token is invalid or refresh failed.")
+            await ctx.send(f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Session token is invalid or refresh failed.")
+        error.handled = True
+
     async def init_cog(self) -> None:
         """Initialise the metabase session."""
         expiry_time = await self.session_info.get("session_expiry")
@@ -65,7 +84,7 @@ class Metabase(Cog):
             "username": MetabaseConfig.username,
             "password": MetabaseConfig.password
         }
-        async with self.bot.http_session.post(f"{MetabaseConfig.url}/session", json=data) as resp:
+        async with self.bot.http_session.post(f"{MetabaseConfig.base_url}/api/session", json=data) as resp:
             json_data = await resp.json()
             self.session_token = json_data.get("id")
 
@@ -86,7 +105,7 @@ class Metabase(Cog):
         """A group of commands for interacting with metabase."""
         await ctx.send_help(ctx.command)
 
-    @metabase_group.command(name="extract")
+    @metabase_group.command(name="extract", aliases=("export",))
     async def metabase_extract(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
@@ -106,48 +125,50 @@ class Metabase(Cog):
 
         Valid extensions are: csv and json.
         """
-        async with ctx.typing():
-
-            # Make sure we have a session token before running anything
-            await self.init_task
-
-            url = f"{MetabaseConfig.url}/card/{question_id}/query/{extension}"
-            try:
-                async with self.bot.http_session.post(url, headers=self.headers, raise_for_status=True) as resp:
-                    if extension == "csv":
-                        out = await resp.text(encoding="utf-8")
-                        # Save the output for use with int e
-                        self.exports[question_id] = list(csv.DictReader(StringIO(out)))
-
-                    elif extension == "json":
-                        out = await resp.json(encoding="utf-8")
-                        # Save the output for use with int e
-                        self.exports[question_id] = out
-
-                        # Format it nicely for human eyes
-                        out = json.dumps(out, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
-            except ClientResponseError as e:
-                if e.status == 403:
-                    # User doesn't have access to the given question
-                    log.warning(f"Failed to auth with Metabase for question {question_id}.")
-                    await ctx.send(f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Failed to auth with Metabase for that question.")
-                else:
-                    # User credentials are invalid, or the refresh failed.
-                    # Delete the expiry time, to force a refresh on next startup.
-                    await self.session_info.delete("session_expiry")
-                    log.exception("Session token is invalid or refresh failed.")
-                    await ctx.send(f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Session token is invalid or refresh failed.")
-                return
-
-            paste_link = await send_to_paste_service(out, extension=extension)
-            if paste_link:
-                message = f":+1: {ctx.author.mention} Here's your link: {paste_link}"
-            else:
-                message = f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Link service is unavailible."
-            await ctx.send(
-                f"{message}\nYou can also access this data within internal eval by doing: "
-                f"`bot.get_cog('Metabase').exports[{question_id}]`"
-            )
+        await ctx.trigger_typing()
+
+        # Make sure we have a session token before running anything
+        await self.init_task
+
+        url = f"{MetabaseConfig.base_url}/api/card/{question_id}/query/{extension}"
+
+        async with self.bot.http_session.post(url, headers=self.headers, raise_for_status=True) as resp:
+            if extension == "csv":
+                out = await resp.text(encoding="utf-8")
+                # Save the output for use with int e
+                self.exports[question_id] = list(csv.DictReader(StringIO(out)))
+
+            elif extension == "json":
+                out = await resp.json(encoding="utf-8")
+                # Save the output for use with int e
+                self.exports[question_id] = out
+
+                # Format it nicely for human eyes
+                out = json.dumps(out, indent=4, sort_keys=True)
+
+        paste_link = await send_to_paste_service(out, extension=extension)
+        if paste_link:
+            message = f":+1: {ctx.author.mention} Here's your link: {paste_link}"
+        else:
+            message = f":x: {ctx.author.mention} Link service is unavailible."
+        await ctx.send(
+            f"{message}\nYou can also access this data within internal eval by doing: "
+            f"`bot.get_cog('Metabase').exports[{question_id}]`"
+        )
+
+    @metabase_group.command(name="publish", aliases=("share",))
+    async def metabase_publish(self, ctx: Context, question_id: int) -> None:
+        """Publically shares the given question and posts the link."""
+        await ctx.trigger_typing()
+        # Make sure we have a session token before running anything
+        await self.init_task
+
+        url = f"{MetabaseConfig.base_url}/api/card/{question_id}/public_link"
+
+        async with self.bot.http_session.post(url, headers=self.headers, raise_for_status=True) as resp:
+            response_json = await resp.json(encoding="utf-8")
+            sharing_url = f"{MetabaseConfig.base_url}/public/question/{response_json['uuid']}"
+            await ctx.send(f":+1: {ctx.author.mention} Here's your sharing link: {sharing_url}")
 
     # This cannot be static (must have a __func__ attribute).
     async def cog_check(self, ctx: Context) -> bool:
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/watchchannels/bigbrother.py b/bot/exts/moderation/watchchannels/bigbrother.py
index c6ee844ef..3aa253fea 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/watchchannels/bigbrother.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/watchchannels/bigbrother.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, group, has_any_role
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Channels, MODERATION_ROLES, Webhooks
-from bot.converters import FetchedMember
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.exts.moderation.infraction._utils import post_infraction
 from bot.exts.moderation.watchchannels._watchchannel import WatchChannel
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ class BigBrother(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Big Brother"):
 
     @bigbrother_group.command(name='watch', aliases=('w',), root_aliases=('watch',))
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str) -> None:
         """
         Relay messages sent by the given `user` to the `#big-brother` channel.
 
@@ -71,11 +71,11 @@ class BigBrother(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Big Brother"):
 
     @bigbrother_group.command(name='unwatch', aliases=('uw',), root_aliases=('unwatch',))
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def unwatch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def unwatch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str) -> None:
         """Stop relaying messages by the given `user`."""
         await self.apply_unwatch(ctx, user, reason)
 
-    async def apply_watch(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def apply_watch(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, reason: str) -> None:
         """
         Add `user` to watched users and apply a watch infraction with `reason`.
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ class BigBrother(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Big Brother"):
             await ctx.send(f":x: {user} is already being watched.")
             return
 
-        # FetchedUser instances don't have a roles attribute
+        # discord.User instances don't have a roles attribute
         if hasattr(user, "roles") and any(role.id in MODERATION_ROLES for role in user.roles):
             await ctx.send(f":x: I'm sorry {ctx.author}, I'm afraid I can't do that. I must be kind to my masters.")
             return
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class BigBrother(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Big Brother"):
 
         await ctx.send(msg)
 
-    async def apply_unwatch(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, reason: str, send_message: bool = True) -> None:
+    async def apply_unwatch(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, reason: str, send_message: bool = True) -> None:
         """
         Remove `user` from watched users and mark their infraction as inactive with `reason`.
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_cog.py b/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_cog.py
index 80bd48534..5c1a1cd3f 100644
--- a/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_cog.py
+++ b/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_cog.py
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ from typing import Union
 
 import discord
 from async_rediscache import RedisCache
-from discord import Color, Embed, Member, PartialMessage, RawReactionActionEvent, User
+from discord import Color, Embed, Member, PartialMessage, RawReactionActionEvent
 from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, group, has_any_role
 
 from bot.api import ResponseCodeError
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Channels, Emojis, Guild, MODERATION_ROLES, Roles, STAFF_ROLES, Webhooks
-from bot.converters import FetchedMember
+from bot.converters import MemberOrUser
 from bot.exts.moderation.watchchannels._watchchannel import WatchChannel
 from bot.exts.recruitment.talentpool._review import Reviewer
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
     @nomination_group.command(name='forcewatch', aliases=('fw', 'forceadd', 'fa'), root_aliases=("forcenominate",))
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def force_watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: str = '') -> None:
+    async def force_watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str = '') -> None:
         """
         Adds the given `user` to the talent pool, from any channel.
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
     @nomination_group.command(name='watch', aliases=('w', 'add', 'a'), root_aliases=("nominate",))
     @has_any_role(*STAFF_ROLES)
-    async def watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: str = '') -> None:
+    async def watch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str = '') -> None:
         """
         Adds the given `user` to the talent pool.
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
         await self._watch_user(ctx, user, reason)
 
-    async def _watch_user(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def _watch_user(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, reason: str) -> None:
         """Adds the given user to the talent pool."""
         if user.bot:
             await ctx.send(f":x: I'm sorry {ctx.author}, I'm afraid I can't do that. I only watch humans.")
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
     @nomination_group.command(name='history', aliases=('info', 'search'))
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def history_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember) -> None:
+    async def history_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser) -> None:
         """Shows the specified user's nomination history."""
         result = await self.bot.api_client.get(
             self.api_endpoint,
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
     @nomination_group.command(name='unwatch', aliases=('end', ), root_aliases=("unnominate",))
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def unwatch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: FetchedMember, *, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def unwatch_command(self, ctx: Context, user: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str) -> None:
         """
         Ends the active nomination of the specified user with the given reason.
 
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
 
     @nomination_edit_group.command(name='reason')
     @has_any_role(*MODERATION_ROLES)
-    async def edit_reason_command(self, ctx: Context, nomination_id: int, actor: FetchedMember, *, reason: str) -> None:
+    async def edit_reason_command(self, ctx: Context, nomination_id: int, actor: MemberOrUser, *, reason: str) -> None:
         """Edits the reason of a specific nominator in a specific active nomination."""
         if len(reason) > REASON_MAX_CHARS:
             await ctx.send(f":x: Maxiumum allowed characters for the reason is {REASON_MAX_CHARS}.")
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ class TalentPool(WatchChannel, Cog, name="Talentpool"):
         await ctx.message.add_reaction(Emojis.check_mark)
 
     @Cog.listener()
-    async def on_member_ban(self, guild: Guild, user: Union[User, Member]) -> None:
+    async def on_member_ban(self, guild: Guild, user: Union[MemberOrUser]) -> None:
         """Remove `user` from the talent pool after they are banned."""
         await self.unwatch(user.id, "User was banned.")
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_review.py b/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_review.py
index 3a1e66970..4d496a1f7 100644
--- a/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_review.py
+++ b/bot/exts/recruitment/talentpool/_review.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Context
 
 from bot.api import ResponseCodeError
 from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.constants import Channels, Colours, Emojis, Guild, Roles
+from bot.constants import Channels, Colours, Emojis, Guild
 from bot.utils.messages import count_unique_users_reaction, pin_no_system_message
 from bot.utils.scheduling import Scheduler
 from bot.utils.time import get_time_delta, time_since
@@ -33,10 +33,12 @@ MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE = 2000
 # Maximum amount of characters allowed in an embed
 MAX_EMBED_SIZE = 4000
 
-# Regex finding the user ID of a user mention
-MENTION_RE = re.compile(r"<@!?(\d+?)>")
-# Regex matching role pings
-ROLE_MENTION_RE = re.compile(r"<@&\d+>")
+# Regex for finding the first message of a nomination, and extracting the nominee.
+# Historic nominations will have 2 role mentions at the start, new ones won't, optionally match for this.
+NOMINATION_MESSAGE_REGEX = re.compile(
+    r"(?:<@&\d+> <@&\d+>\n)*?<@!?(\d+?)> \(.+#\d{4}\) for Helper!\n\n\*\*Nominated by:\*\*",
+    re.MULTILINE
+)
 
 
 class Reviewer:
@@ -118,7 +120,7 @@ class Reviewer:
                 f"I tried to review the user with ID `{user_id}`, but they don't appear to be on the server :pensive:"
             ), None
 
-        opening = f"<@&{Roles.mod_team}> <@&{Roles.admins}>\n{member.mention} ({member}) for Helper!"
+        opening = f"{member.mention} ({member}) for Helper!"
 
         current_nominations = "\n\n".join(
             f"**<@{entry['actor']}>:** {entry['reason'] or '*no reason given*'}"
@@ -142,14 +144,14 @@ class Reviewer:
         """Archive this vote to #nomination-archive."""
         message = await message.fetch()
 
-        # We consider the first message in the nomination to contain the two role pings
+        # We consider the first message in the nomination to contain the user ping, username#discrim, and fixed text
         messages = [message]
-        if not len(ROLE_MENTION_RE.findall(message.content)) >= 2:
+        if not NOMINATION_MESSAGE_REGEX.search(message.content):
             with contextlib.suppress(NoMoreItems):
                 async for new_message in message.channel.history(before=message.created_at):
                     messages.append(new_message)
 
-                    if len(ROLE_MENTION_RE.findall(new_message.content)) >= 2:
+                    if NOMINATION_MESSAGE_REGEX.search(new_message.content):
                         break
 
         log.debug(f"Found {len(messages)} messages: {', '.join(str(m.id) for m in messages)}")
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ class Reviewer:
         content = "".join(parts)
 
         # We assume that the first user mentioned is the user that we are voting on
-        user_id = int(MENTION_RE.search(content).group(1))
+        user_id = int(NOMINATION_MESSAGE_REGEX.search(content).group(1))
 
         # Get reaction counts
         reviewed = await count_unique_users_reaction(
diff --git a/bot/exts/utils/jams.py b/bot/exts/utils/jams.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 87ae847f6..000000000
--- a/bot/exts/utils/jams.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-import csv
-import logging
-import typing as t
-from collections import defaultdict
-
-import discord
-from discord.ext import commands
-
-from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.constants import Categories, Channels, Emojis, Roles
-
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-MAX_CHANNELS = 50
-CATEGORY_NAME = "Code Jam"
-TEAM_LEADERS_COLOUR = 0x11806a
-
-
-class CodeJams(commands.Cog):
-    """Manages the code-jam related parts of our server."""
-
-    def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
-        self.bot = bot
-
-    @commands.group()
-    @commands.has_any_role(Roles.admins)
-    async def codejam(self, ctx: commands.Context) -> None:
-        """A Group of commands for managing Code Jams."""
-        if ctx.invoked_subcommand is None:
-            await ctx.send_help(ctx.command)
-
-    @codejam.command()
-    async def create(self, ctx: commands.Context, csv_file: t.Optional[str]) -> None:
-        """
-        Create code-jam teams from a CSV file or a link to one, specifying the team names, leaders and members.
-
-        The CSV file must have 3 columns: 'Team Name', 'Team Member Discord ID', and 'Team Leader'.
-
-        This will create the text channels for the teams, and give the team leaders their roles.
-        """
-        async with ctx.typing():
-            if csv_file:
-                async with self.bot.http_session.get(csv_file) as response:
-                    if response.status != 200:
-                        await ctx.send(f"Got a bad response from the URL: {response.status}")
-                        return
-
-                    csv_file = await response.text()
-
-            elif ctx.message.attachments:
-                csv_file = (await ctx.message.attachments[0].read()).decode("utf8")
-            else:
-                raise commands.BadArgument("You must include either a CSV file or a link to one.")
-
-            teams = defaultdict(list)
-            reader = csv.DictReader(csv_file.splitlines())
-
-            for row in reader:
-                member = ctx.guild.get_member(int(row["Team Member Discord ID"]))
-
-                if member is None:
-                    log.trace(f"Got an invalid member ID: {row['Team Member Discord ID']}")
-                    continue
-
-                teams[row["Team Name"]].append((member, row["Team Leader"].upper() == "Y"))
-
-            team_leaders = await ctx.guild.create_role(name="Code Jam Team Leaders", colour=TEAM_LEADERS_COLOUR)
-
-            for team_name, members in teams.items():
-                await self.create_team_channel(ctx.guild, team_name, members, team_leaders)
-
-            await self.create_team_leader_channel(ctx.guild, team_leaders)
-            await ctx.send(f"{Emojis.check_mark} Created Code Jam with {len(teams)} teams.")
-
-    async def get_category(self, guild: discord.Guild) -> discord.CategoryChannel:
-        """
-        Return a code jam category.
-
-        If all categories are full or none exist, create a new category.
-        """
-        for category in guild.categories:
-            if category.name == CATEGORY_NAME and len(category.channels) < MAX_CHANNELS:
-                return category
-
-        return await self.create_category(guild)
-
-    async def create_category(self, guild: discord.Guild) -> discord.CategoryChannel:
-        """Create a new code jam category and return it."""
-        log.info("Creating a new code jam category.")
-
-        category_overwrites = {
-            guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
-            guild.me: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
-        }
-
-        category = await guild.create_category_channel(
-            CATEGORY_NAME,
-            overwrites=category_overwrites,
-            reason="It's code jam time!"
-        )
-
-        await self.send_status_update(
-            guild, f"Created a new category with the ID {category.id} for this Code Jam's team channels."
-        )
-
-        return category
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_overwrites(
-        members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]],
-        guild: discord.Guild,
-    ) -> dict[t.Union[discord.Member, discord.Role], discord.PermissionOverwrite]:
-        """Get code jam team channels permission overwrites."""
-        team_channel_overwrites = {
-            guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
-            guild.get_role(Roles.code_jam_event_team): discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
-        }
-
-        for member, _ in members:
-            team_channel_overwrites[member] = discord.PermissionOverwrite(
-                read_messages=True
-            )
-
-        return team_channel_overwrites
-
-    async def create_team_channel(
-        self,
-        guild: discord.Guild,
-        team_name: str,
-        members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]],
-        team_leaders: discord.Role
-    ) -> None:
-        """Create the team's text channel."""
-        await self.add_team_leader_roles(members, team_leaders)
-
-        # Get permission overwrites and category
-        team_channel_overwrites = self.get_overwrites(members, guild)
-        code_jam_category = await self.get_category(guild)
-
-        # Create a text channel for the team
-        await code_jam_category.create_text_channel(
-            team_name,
-            overwrites=team_channel_overwrites,
-        )
-
-    async def create_team_leader_channel(self, guild: discord.Guild, team_leaders: discord.Role) -> None:
-        """Create the Team Leader Chat channel for the Code Jam team leaders."""
-        category: discord.CategoryChannel = guild.get_channel(Categories.summer_code_jam)
-
-        team_leaders_chat = await category.create_text_channel(
-            name="team-leaders-chat",
-            overwrites={
-                guild.default_role: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=False),
-                team_leaders: discord.PermissionOverwrite(read_messages=True)
-            }
-        )
-
-        await self.send_status_update(guild, f"Created {team_leaders_chat.mention} in the {category} category.")
-
-    async def send_status_update(self, guild: discord.Guild, message: str) -> None:
-        """Inform the events lead with a status update when the command is ran."""
-        channel: discord.TextChannel = guild.get_channel(Channels.code_jam_planning)
-
-        await channel.send(f"<@&{Roles.events_lead}>\n\n{message}")
-
-    @staticmethod
-    async def add_team_leader_roles(members: list[tuple[discord.Member, bool]], team_leaders: discord.Role) -> None:
-        """Assign team leader role, the jammer role and their team role."""
-        for member, is_leader in members:
-            if is_leader:
-                await member.add_roles(team_leaders)
-
-
-def setup(bot: Bot) -> None:
-    """Load the CodeJams cog."""
-    bot.add_cog(CodeJams(bot))
diff --git a/bot/exts/utils/reminders.py b/bot/exts/utils/reminders.py
index 7b8c5c4b3..144f7b537 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utils/reminders.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utils/reminders.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, Greedy, group
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Guild, Icons, MODERATION_ROLES, POSITIVE_REPLIES, Roles, STAFF_ROLES
-from bot.converters import Duration
+from bot.converters import Duration, UserMentionOrID
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
 from bot.utils.checks import has_any_role_check, has_no_roles_check
 from bot.utils.lock import lock_arg
 from bot.utils.messages import send_denial
 from bot.utils.scheduling import Scheduler
-from bot.utils.time import TimestampFormats, discord_timestamp, time_since
+from bot.utils.time import TimestampFormats, discord_timestamp
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ WHITELISTED_CHANNELS = Guild.reminder_whitelist
 MAXIMUM_REMINDERS = 5
 
 Mentionable = t.Union[discord.Member, discord.Role]
+ReminderMention = t.Union[UserMentionOrID, discord.Role]
 
 
 class Reminders(Cog):
@@ -172,46 +173,53 @@ class Reminders(Cog):
         if not is_valid:
             # No need to cancel the task too; it'll simply be done once this coroutine returns.
             return
-
         embed = discord.Embed()
-        embed.colour = discord.Colour.blurple()
-        embed.set_author(
-            icon_url=Icons.remind_blurple,
-            name="It has arrived!"
-        )
-
-        # Let's not use a codeblock to keep emojis and mentions working. Embeds are safe anyway.
-        embed.description = f"Here's your reminder: {reminder['content']}."
-
-        if reminder.get("jump_url"):  # keep backward compatibility
-            embed.description += f"\n[Jump back to when you created the reminder]({reminder['jump_url']})"
-
         if expected_time:
             embed.colour = discord.Colour.red()
             embed.set_author(
                 icon_url=Icons.remind_red,
-                name=f"Sorry it should have arrived {time_since(expected_time)} !"
+                name="Sorry, your reminder should have arrived earlier!"
+            )
+        else:
+            embed.colour = discord.Colour.blurple()
+            embed.set_author(
+                icon_url=Icons.remind_blurple,
+                name="It has arrived!"
             )
 
+        # Let's not use a codeblock to keep emojis and mentions working. Embeds are safe anyway.
+        embed.description = f"Here's your reminder: {reminder['content']}"
+
+        # Here the jump URL is in the format of base_url/guild_id/channel_id/message_id
         additional_mentions = ' '.join(
             mentionable.mention for mentionable in self.get_mentionables(reminder["mentions"])
         )
 
-        await channel.send(content=f"{user.mention} {additional_mentions}", embed=embed)
+        jump_url = reminder.get("jump_url")
+        embed.description += f"\n[Jump back to when you created the reminder]({jump_url})"
+        partial_message = channel.get_partial_message(int(jump_url.split("/")[-1]))
+        try:
+            await partial_message.reply(content=f"{additional_mentions}", embed=embed)
+        except discord.HTTPException as e:
+            log.info(
+                f"There was an error when trying to reply to a reminder invocation message, {e}, "
+                "fall back to using jump_url"
+            )
+            await channel.send(content=f"{user.mention} {additional_mentions}", embed=embed)
 
         log.debug(f"Deleting reminder #{reminder['id']} (the user has been reminded).")
         await self.bot.api_client.delete(f"bot/reminders/{reminder['id']}")
 
     @group(name="remind", aliases=("reminder", "reminders", "remindme"), invoke_without_command=True)
     async def remind_group(
-        self, ctx: Context, mentions: Greedy[Mentionable], expiration: Duration, *, content: str
+        self, ctx: Context, mentions: Greedy[ReminderMention], expiration: Duration, *, content: str
     ) -> None:
         """Commands for managing your reminders."""
         await self.new_reminder(ctx, mentions=mentions, expiration=expiration, content=content)
 
     @remind_group.command(name="new", aliases=("add", "create"))
     async def new_reminder(
-        self, ctx: Context, mentions: Greedy[Mentionable], expiration: Duration, *, content: str
+        self, ctx: Context, mentions: Greedy[ReminderMention], expiration: Duration, *, content: str
     ) -> None:
         """
         Set yourself a simple reminder.
@@ -263,7 +271,7 @@ class Reminders(Cog):
             }
         )
 
-        mention_string = f"Your reminder will arrive {discord_timestamp(expiration, TimestampFormats.RELATIVE)}"
+        mention_string = f"Your reminder will arrive on {discord_timestamp(expiration, TimestampFormats.DAY_TIME)}"
 
         if mentions:
             mention_string += f" and will mention {len(mentions)} other(s)"
@@ -356,7 +364,7 @@ class Reminders(Cog):
         await self.edit_reminder(ctx, id_, {"content": content})
 
     @edit_reminder_group.command(name="mentions", aliases=("pings",))
-    async def edit_reminder_mentions(self, ctx: Context, id_: int, mentions: Greedy[Mentionable]) -> None:
+    async def edit_reminder_mentions(self, ctx: Context, id_: int, mentions: Greedy[ReminderMention]) -> None:
         """Edit one of your reminder's mentions."""
         # Remove duplicate mentions
         mentions = set(mentions)
diff --git a/bot/exts/utils/utils.py b/bot/exts/utils/utils.py
index 98e43c32b..28c7ec27b 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utils/utils.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utils/utils.py
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from bot.converters import Snowflake
 from bot.decorators import in_whitelist
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
 from bot.utils import messages
-from bot.utils.checks import has_no_roles_check
 from bot.utils.time import time_since
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -160,9 +159,6 @@ class Utils(Cog):
     @in_whitelist(channels=(Channels.bot_commands,), roles=STAFF_ROLES)
     async def snowflake(self, ctx: Context, *snowflakes: Snowflake) -> None:
         """Get Discord snowflake creation time."""
-        if len(snowflakes) > 1 and await has_no_roles_check(ctx, *STAFF_ROLES):
-            raise BadArgument("Cannot process more than one snowflake in one invocation.")
-
         if not snowflakes:
             raise BadArgument("At least one snowflake must be provided.")
 
diff --git a/bot/pagination.py b/bot/pagination.py
index 90d7c84ee..26caa7db0 100644
--- a/bot/pagination.py
+++ b/bot/pagination.py
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class LinePaginator(Paginator):
             raise ValueError(f"scale_to_size must be >= max_size. ({scale_to_size} < {max_size})")
 
         if scale_to_size > 4000:
-            raise ValueError(f"scale_to_size must be <= 2,000 characters. ({scale_to_size} > 4000)")
+            raise ValueError(f"scale_to_size must be <= 4,000 characters. ({scale_to_size} > 4000)")
 
         self.scale_to_size = scale_to_size - len(suffix)
         self.max_lines = max_lines
diff --git a/bot/resources/tags/blocking.md b/bot/resources/tags/blocking.md
index 31d91294c..5554d7eba 100644
--- a/bot/resources/tags/blocking.md
+++ b/bot/resources/tags/blocking.md
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 **Why do we need asynchronous programming?**
-
 Imagine that you're coding a Discord bot and every time somebody uses a command, you need to get some information from a database. But there's a catch: the database servers are acting up today and take a whole 10 seconds to respond. If you do **not** use asynchronous methods, your whole bot will stop running until it gets a response from the database. How do you fix this? Asynchronous programming.
 
 **What is asynchronous programming?**
-
 An asynchronous program utilises the `async` and `await` keywords. An asynchronous program pauses what it's doing and does something else whilst it waits for some third-party service to complete whatever it's supposed to do. Any code within an `async` context manager or function marked with the `await` keyword indicates to Python, that whilst this operation is being completed, it can do something else. For example:
 
 ```py
@@ -14,13 +12,10 @@ import discord
 async def ping(ctx):
     await ctx.send("Pong!")
 ```
-
 **What does the term "blocking" mean?**
-
 A blocking operation is wherever you do something without `await`ing it. This tells Python that this step must be completed before it can do anything else. Common examples of blocking operations, as simple as they may seem, include: outputting text, adding two numbers and appending an item onto a list. Most common Python libraries have an asynchronous version available to use in asynchronous contexts.
 
 **`async` libraries**
-
 The standard async library - `asyncio`
 Asynchronous web requests - `aiohttp`
 Talking to PostgreSQL asynchronously - `asyncpg`
diff --git a/bot/resources/tags/modmail.md b/bot/resources/tags/modmail.md
index 412468174..8ac19c8a7 100644
--- a/bot/resources/tags/modmail.md
+++ b/bot/resources/tags/modmail.md
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ It supports attachments, codeblocks, and reactions. As communication happens ove
 
 **To use it, simply send a direct message to the bot.**
 
-Should there be an urgent and immediate need for a moderator or admin to look at a channel, feel free to ping the <@&831776746206265384> or <@&267628507062992896> role instead.
+Should there be an urgent and immediate need for a moderator to look at a channel, feel free to ping the <@&831776746206265384> role instead.
diff --git a/bot/utils/cache.py b/bot/utils/caching.py
index 68ce15607..68ce15607 100644
--- a/bot/utils/cache.py
+++ b/bot/utils/caching.py
diff --git a/bot/utils/message_cache.py b/bot/utils/message_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f68d280c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/utils/message_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+import typing as t
+from math import ceil
+
+from discord import Message
+
+
+class MessageCache:
+    """
+    A data structure for caching messages.
+
+    The cache is implemented as a circular buffer to allow constant time append, prepend, pop from either side,
+    and lookup by index. The cache therefore does not support removal at an arbitrary index (although it can be
+    implemented to work in linear time relative to the maximum size).
+
+    The object additionally holds a mapping from Discord message ID's to the index in which the corresponding message
+    is stored, to allow for constant time lookup by message ID.
+
+    The cache has a size limit operating the same as with a collections.deque, and most of its method names mirror those
+    of a deque.
+
+    The implementation is transparent to the user: to the user the first element is always at index 0, and there are
+    only as many elements as were inserted (meaning, without any pre-allocated placeholder values).
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, maxlen: int, *, newest_first: bool = False):
+        if maxlen <= 0:
+            raise ValueError("maxlen must be positive")
+        self.maxlen = maxlen
+        self.newest_first = newest_first
+
+        self._start = 0
+        self._end = 0
+
+        self._messages: list[t.Optional[Message]] = [None] * self.maxlen
+        self._message_id_mapping = {}
+
+    def append(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Add the received message to the cache, depending on the order of messages defined by `newest_first`."""
+        if self.newest_first:
+            self._appendleft(message)
+        else:
+            self._appendright(message)
+
+    def _appendright(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Add the received message to the end of the cache."""
+        if self._is_full():
+            del self._message_id_mapping[self._messages[self._start].id]
+            self._start = (self._start + 1) % self.maxlen
+
+        self._messages[self._end] = message
+        self._message_id_mapping[message.id] = self._end
+        self._end = (self._end + 1) % self.maxlen
+
+    def _appendleft(self, message: Message) -> None:
+        """Add the received message to the beginning of the cache."""
+        if self._is_full():
+            self._end = (self._end - 1) % self.maxlen
+            del self._message_id_mapping[self._messages[self._end].id]
+
+        self._start = (self._start - 1) % self.maxlen
+        self._messages[self._start] = message
+        self._message_id_mapping[message.id] = self._start
+
+    def pop(self) -> Message:
+        """Remove the last message in the cache and return it."""
+        if self._is_empty():
+            raise IndexError("pop from an empty cache")
+
+        self._end = (self._end - 1) % self.maxlen
+        message = self._messages[self._end]
+        del self._message_id_mapping[message.id]
+        self._messages[self._end] = None
+
+        return message
+
+    def popleft(self) -> Message:
+        """Return the first message in the cache and return it."""
+        if self._is_empty():
+            raise IndexError("pop from an empty cache")
+
+        message = self._messages[self._start]
+        del self._message_id_mapping[message.id]
+        self._messages[self._start] = None
+        self._start = (self._start + 1) % self.maxlen
+
+        return message
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Remove all messages from the cache."""
+        self._messages = [None] * self.maxlen
+        self._message_id_mapping = {}
+
+        self._start = 0
+        self._end = 0
+
+    def get_message(self, message_id: int) -> t.Optional[Message]:
+        """Return the message that has the given message ID, if it is cached."""
+        index = self._message_id_mapping.get(message_id, None)
+        return self._messages[index] if index is not None else None
+
+    def update(self, message: Message) -> bool:
+        """
+        Update a cached message with new contents.
+
+        Return True if the given message had a matching ID in the cache.
+        """
+        index = self._message_id_mapping.get(message.id, None)
+        if index is None:
+            return False
+        self._messages[index] = message
+        return True
+
+    def __contains__(self, message_id: int) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the cache contains a message with the given ID ."""
+        return message_id in self._message_id_mapping
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item: t.Union[int, slice]) -> t.Union[Message, list[Message]]:
+        """
+        Return the message(s) in the index or slice provided.
+
+        This method makes the circular buffer implementation transparent to the user.
+        Providing 0 will return the message at the position perceived by the user to be the beginning of the cache,
+        meaning at `self._start`.
+        """
+        # Keep in mind that for the modulo operator used throughout this function, Python modulo behaves similarly when
+        # the left operand is negative. E.g -1 % 5 == 4, because the closest number from the bottom that wholly divides
+        # by 5 is -5.
+        if isinstance(item, int):
+            if item >= len(self) or item < -len(self):
+                raise IndexError("cache index out of range")
+            return self._messages[(item + self._start) % self.maxlen]
+
+        elif isinstance(item, slice):
+            length = len(self)
+            start, stop, step = item.indices(length)
+
+            # This needs to be checked explicitly now, because otherwise self._start >= self._end is a valid state.
+            if (start >= stop and step >= 0) or (start <= stop and step <= 0):
+                return []
+
+            start = (start + self._start) % self.maxlen
+            stop = (stop + self._start) % self.maxlen
+
+            # Having empty cells is an implementation detail. To the user the cache contains as many elements as they
+            # inserted, therefore any empty cells should be ignored. There can only be Nones at the tail.
+            if step > 0:
+                if (
+                    (self._start < self._end and not self._start < stop <= self._end)
+                    or (self._start > self._end and self._end < stop <= self._start)
+                ):
+                    stop = self._end
+            else:
+                lower_boundary = (self._start - 1) % self.maxlen
+                if (
+                    (self._start < self._end and not self._start - 1 <= stop < self._end)
+                    or (self._start > self._end and self._end < stop < lower_boundary)
+                ):
+                    stop = lower_boundary
+
+            if (start < stop and step > 0) or (start > stop and step < 0):
+                return self._messages[start:stop:step]
+            # step != 1 may require a start offset in the second slicing.
+            if step > 0:
+                offset = ceil((self.maxlen - start) / step) * step + start - self.maxlen
+                return self._messages[start::step] + self._messages[offset:stop:step]
+            else:
+                offset = ceil((start + 1) / -step) * -step - start - 1
+                return self._messages[start::step] + self._messages[self.maxlen - 1 - offset:stop:step]
+
+        else:
+            raise TypeError(f"cache indices must be integers or slices, not {type(item)}")
+
+    def __iter__(self) -> t.Iterator[Message]:
+        if self._is_empty():
+            return
+
+        if self._start < self._end:
+            yield from self._messages[self._start:self._end]
+        else:
+            yield from self._messages[self._start:]
+            yield from self._messages[:self._end]
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        """Get the number of non-empty cells in the cache."""
+        if self._is_empty():
+            return 0
+        if self._end > self._start:
+            return self._end - self._start
+        return self.maxlen - self._start + self._end
+
+    def _is_empty(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the cache has no messages."""
+        return self._messages[self._start] is None
+
+    def _is_full(self) -> bool:
+        """Return True if every cell in the cache already contains a message."""
+        return self._messages[self._end] is not None
diff --git a/config-default.yml b/config-default.yml
index 881a7df76..eaf8e0ad7 100644
--- a/config-default.yml
+++ b/config-default.yml
@@ -377,6 +377,8 @@ urls:
 
 
 anti_spam:
+    cache_size: 100
+
     # Clean messages that violate a rule.
     clean_offending: true
     ping_everyone: true
@@ -432,14 +434,12 @@ anti_spam:
             max: 3
 
 
-
 metabase:
-    username: !ENV "METABASE_USERNAME"
-    password: !ENV "METABASE_PASSWORD"
-    url: "http://metabase.default.svc.cluster.local/api"
+    username: !ENV      "METABASE_USERNAME"
+    password: !ENV      "METABASE_PASSWORD"
+    base_url:           "http://metabase.default.svc.cluster.local"
     # 14 days, see https://www.metabase.com/docs/latest/operations-guide/environment-variables.html#max_session_age
-    max_session_age: 20160
-
+    max_session_age:    20160
 
 
 big_brother:
diff --git a/tests/bot/exts/events/__init__.py b/tests/bot/exts/events/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e69de29bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/bot/exts/events/__init__.py
diff --git a/tests/bot/exts/utils/test_jams.py b/tests/bot/exts/events/test_code_jams.py
index 368a15476..b9ee1e363 100644
--- a/tests/bot/exts/utils/test_jams.py
+++ b/tests/bot/exts/events/test_code_jams.py
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 import unittest
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, create_autospec
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, create_autospec, patch
 
 from discord import CategoryChannel
 from discord.ext.commands import BadArgument
 
 from bot.constants import Roles
-from bot.exts.utils import jams
+from bot.exts.events import code_jams
+from bot.exts.events.code_jams import _channels, _cog
 from tests.helpers import (
     MockAttachment, MockBot, MockCategoryChannel, MockContext,
-    MockGuild, MockMember, MockRole, MockTextChannel
+    MockGuild, MockMember, MockRole, MockTextChannel, autospec
 )
 
 TEST_CSV = b"""\
@@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
         self.command_user = MockMember([self.admin_role])
         self.guild = MockGuild([self.admin_role])
         self.ctx = MockContext(bot=self.bot, author=self.command_user, guild=self.guild)
-        self.cog = jams.CodeJams(self.bot)
+        self.cog = _cog.CodeJams(self.bot)
 
     async def test_message_without_attachments(self):
         """If no link or attachments are provided, commands.BadArgument should be raised."""
@@ -49,7 +50,9 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(BadArgument):
             await self.cog.create(self.cog, self.ctx, None)
 
-    async def test_result_sending(self):
+    @patch.object(_channels, "create_team_channel")
+    @patch.object(_channels, "create_team_leader_channel")
+    async def test_result_sending(self, create_leader_channel, create_team_channel):
         """Should call `ctx.send` when everything goes right."""
         self.ctx.message.attachments = [MockAttachment()]
         self.ctx.message.attachments[0].read = AsyncMock()
@@ -61,14 +64,12 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
         self.ctx.guild.create_role = AsyncMock()
         self.ctx.guild.create_role.return_value = team_leaders
-        self.cog.create_team_channel = AsyncMock()
-        self.cog.create_team_leader_channel = AsyncMock()
         self.cog.add_roles = AsyncMock()
 
         await self.cog.create(self.cog, self.ctx, None)
 
-        self.cog.create_team_channel.assert_awaited()
-        self.cog.create_team_leader_channel.assert_awaited_once_with(
+        create_team_channel.assert_awaited()
+        create_leader_channel.assert_awaited_once_with(
             self.ctx.guild, team_leaders
         )
         self.ctx.send.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -81,25 +82,24 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
         self.ctx.send.assert_awaited_once()
 
-    async def test_category_doesnt_exist(self):
+    @patch.object(_channels, "_send_status_update")
+    async def test_category_doesnt_exist(self, update):
         """Should create a new code jam category."""
         subtests = (
             [],
-            [get_mock_category(jams.MAX_CHANNELS, jams.CATEGORY_NAME)],
-            [get_mock_category(jams.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, "other")],
+            [get_mock_category(_channels.MAX_CHANNELS, _channels.CATEGORY_NAME)],
+            [get_mock_category(_channels.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, "other")],
         )
 
-        self.cog.send_status_update = AsyncMock()
-
         for categories in subtests:
-            self.cog.send_status_update.reset_mock()
+            update.reset_mock()
             self.guild.reset_mock()
             self.guild.categories = categories
 
             with self.subTest(categories=categories):
-                actual_category = await self.cog.get_category(self.guild)
+                actual_category = await _channels._get_category(self.guild)
 
-                self.cog.send_status_update.assert_called_once()
+                update.assert_called_once()
                 self.guild.create_category_channel.assert_awaited_once()
                 category_overwrites = self.guild.create_category_channel.call_args[1]["overwrites"]
 
@@ -109,45 +109,41 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
     async def test_category_channel_exist(self):
         """Should not try to create category channel."""
-        expected_category = get_mock_category(jams.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, jams.CATEGORY_NAME)
+        expected_category = get_mock_category(_channels.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, _channels.CATEGORY_NAME)
         self.guild.categories = [
-            get_mock_category(jams.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, "other"),
+            get_mock_category(_channels.MAX_CHANNELS - 2, "other"),
             expected_category,
-            get_mock_category(0, jams.CATEGORY_NAME),
+            get_mock_category(0, _channels.CATEGORY_NAME),
         ]
 
-        actual_category = await self.cog.get_category(self.guild)
+        actual_category = await _channels._get_category(self.guild)
         self.assertEqual(expected_category, actual_category)
 
     async def test_channel_overwrites(self):
         """Should have correct permission overwrites for users and roles."""
         leader = (MockMember(), True)
         members = [leader] + [(MockMember(), False) for _ in range(4)]
-        overwrites = self.cog.get_overwrites(members, self.guild)
+        overwrites = _channels._get_overwrites(members, self.guild)
 
         for member, _ in members:
             self.assertTrue(overwrites[member].read_messages)
 
-    async def test_team_channels_creation(self):
+    @patch.object(_channels, "_get_overwrites")
+    @patch.object(_channels, "_get_category")
+    @autospec(_channels, "_add_team_leader_roles", pass_mocks=False)
+    async def test_team_channels_creation(self, get_category, get_overwrites):
         """Should create a text channel for a team."""
         team_leaders = MockRole()
         members = [(MockMember(), True)] + [(MockMember(), False) for _ in range(5)]
         category = MockCategoryChannel()
         category.create_text_channel = AsyncMock()
 
-        self.cog.get_overwrites = MagicMock()
-        self.cog.get_category = AsyncMock()
-        self.cog.get_category.return_value = category
-        self.cog.add_team_leader_roles = AsyncMock()
-
-        await self.cog.create_team_channel(self.guild, "my-team", members, team_leaders)
-        self.cog.add_team_leader_roles.assert_awaited_once_with(members, team_leaders)
-        self.cog.get_overwrites.assert_called_once_with(members, self.guild)
-        self.cog.get_category.assert_awaited_once_with(self.guild)
+        get_category.return_value = category
+        await _channels.create_team_channel(self.guild, "my-team", members, team_leaders)
 
         category.create_text_channel.assert_awaited_once_with(
             "my-team",
-            overwrites=self.cog.get_overwrites.return_value
+            overwrites=get_overwrites.return_value
         )
 
     async def test_jam_roles_adding(self):
@@ -156,7 +152,7 @@ class JamCodejamCreateTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
         leader = MockMember()
         members = [(leader, True)] + [(MockMember(), False) for _ in range(4)]
-        await self.cog.add_team_leader_roles(members, leader_role)
+        await _channels._add_team_leader_roles(members, leader_role)
 
         leader.add_roles.assert_awaited_once_with(leader_role)
         for member, is_leader in members:
@@ -170,5 +166,5 @@ class CodeJamSetup(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_setup(self):
         """Should call `bot.add_cog`."""
         bot = MockBot()
-        jams.setup(bot)
+        code_jams.setup(bot)
         bot.add_cog.assert_called_once()
diff --git a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_infractions.py b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_infractions.py
index b9d527770..f844a9181 100644
--- a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_infractions.py
+++ b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_infractions.py
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ class VoiceBanTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
     async def test_voice_unban_user_not_found(self):
         """Should include info to return dict when user was not found from guild."""
         self.guild.get_member.return_value = None
-        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild, "foobar")
+        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild)
         self.assertEqual(result, {"Info": "User was not found in the guild."})
 
     @patch("bot.exts.moderation.infraction.infractions._utils.notify_pardon")
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ class VoiceBanTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
         notify_pardon_mock.return_value = True
         format_user_mock.return_value = "my-user"
 
-        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild, "foobar")
+        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild)
         self.assertEqual(result, {
             "Member": "my-user",
             "DM": "Sent"
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ class VoiceBanTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
         notify_pardon_mock.return_value = False
         format_user_mock.return_value = "my-user"
 
-        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild, "foobar")
+        result = await self.cog.pardon_voice_ban(self.user.id, self.guild)
         self.assertEqual(result, {
             "Member": "my-user",
             "DM": "**Failed**"
diff --git a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_utils.py b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_utils.py
index 5f95ced9f..eb256f1fd 100644
--- a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_utils.py
+++ b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/test_utils.py
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@ class ModerationUtilsTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
         test_case = namedtuple("test_case", ["get_return_value", "expected_output", "infraction_nr", "send_msg"])
         test_cases = [
             test_case([], None, None, True),
-            test_case([{"id": 123987}], {"id": 123987}, "123987", False),
-            test_case([{"id": 123987}], {"id": 123987}, "123987", True)
+            test_case([{"id": 123987, "type": "ban"}], {"id": 123987, "type": "ban"}, "123987", False),
+            test_case([{"id": 123987, "type": "ban"}], {"id": 123987, "type": "ban"}, "123987", True)
         ]
 
         for case in test_cases:
diff --git a/tests/bot/utils/test_message_cache.py b/tests/bot/utils/test_message_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04bfd28d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/bot/utils/test_message_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+import unittest
+
+from bot.utils.message_cache import MessageCache
+from tests.helpers import MockMessage
+
+
+# noinspection SpellCheckingInspection
+class TestMessageCache(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for the MessageCache class in the `bot.utils.caching` module."""
+
+    def test_first_append_sets_the_first_value(self):
+        """Test if the first append adds the message to the first cell."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=10)
+        message = MockMessage()
+
+        cache.append(message)
+
+        self.assertEqual(cache[0], message)
+
+    def test_append_adds_in_the_right_order(self):
+        """Test if two appends are added in the same order if newest_first is False, or in reverse order otherwise."""
+        messages = [MockMessage(), MockMessage()]
+
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=10, newest_first=False)
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+        self.assertListEqual(messages, list(cache))
+
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=10, newest_first=True)
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+        self.assertListEqual(messages[::-1], list(cache))
+
+    def test_appending_over_maxlen_removes_oldest(self):
+        """Test if three appends to a 2-cell cache leave the two newest messages."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=2)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+
+        self.assertListEqual(messages[1:], list(cache))
+
+    def test_appending_over_maxlen_with_newest_first_removes_oldest(self):
+        """Test if three appends to a 2-cell cache leave the two newest messages if newest_first is True."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=2, newest_first=True)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+
+        self.assertListEqual(messages[:0:-1], list(cache))
+
+    def test_pop_removes_from_the_end(self):
+        """Test if a pop removes the right-most message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=3)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+        msg = cache.pop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(msg, messages[-1])
+        self.assertListEqual(messages[:-1], list(cache))
+
+    def test_popleft_removes_from_the_beginning(self):
+        """Test if a popleft removes the left-most message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=3)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+        msg = cache.popleft()
+
+        self.assertEqual(msg, messages[0])
+        self.assertListEqual(messages[1:], list(cache))
+
+    def test_clear(self):
+        """Test if a clear makes the cache empty."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+        cache.clear()
+
+        self.assertListEqual(list(cache), [])
+        self.assertEqual(len(cache), 0)
+
+    def test_get_message_returns_the_message(self):
+        """Test if get_message returns the cached message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+
+        cache.append(message)
+
+        self.assertEqual(cache.get_message(1234), message)
+
+    def test_get_message_returns_none(self):
+        """Test if get_message returns None for an ID of a non-cached message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+
+        cache.append(message)
+
+        self.assertIsNone(cache.get_message(4321))
+
+    def test_update_replaces_old_element(self):
+        """Test if an update replaced the old message with the same ID."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+
+        cache.append(message)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+        cache.update(message)
+
+        self.assertIs(cache.get_message(1234), message)
+        self.assertEqual(len(cache), 1)
+
+    def test_contains_returns_true_for_cached_message(self):
+        """Test if contains returns True for an ID of a cached message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+
+        cache.append(message)
+
+        self.assertIn(1234, cache)
+
+    def test_contains_returns_false_for_non_cached_message(self):
+        """Test if contains returns False for an ID of a non-cached message."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        message = MockMessage(id=1234)
+
+        cache.append(message)
+
+        self.assertNotIn(4321, cache)
+
+    def test_indexing(self):
+        """Test if the cache returns the correct messages by index."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(5)]
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+
+        for current_loop in range(-5, 5):
+            with self.subTest(current_loop=current_loop):
+                self.assertEqual(cache[current_loop], messages[current_loop])
+
+    def test_bad_index_raises_index_error(self):
+        """Test if the cache raises IndexError for invalid indices."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+        messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(3)]
+        test_cases = (-10, -4, 3, 4, 5)
+
+        for msg in messages:
+            cache.append(msg)
+
+        for current_loop in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(current_loop=current_loop):
+                with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+                    cache[current_loop]
+
+    def test_slicing_with_unfilled_cache(self):
+        """Test if slicing returns the correct messages if the cache is not yet fully filled."""
+        sizes = (5, 10, 55, 101)
+
+        slices = (
+            slice(None), slice(2, None), slice(None, 2), slice(None, None, 2), slice(None, None, 3), slice(-1, 2),
+            slice(-1, 3000), slice(-3, -1), slice(-10, 3), slice(-10, 4, 2), slice(None, None, -1), slice(None, 3, -2),
+            slice(None, None, -3), slice(-1, -10, -2), slice(-3, -7, -1)
+        )
+
+        for size in sizes:
+            cache = MessageCache(maxlen=size)
+            messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(size // 3 * 2)]
+
+            for msg in messages:
+                cache.append(msg)
+
+            for slice_ in slices:
+                with self.subTest(current_loop=(size, slice_)):
+                    self.assertListEqual(cache[slice_], messages[slice_])
+
+    def test_slicing_with_overfilled_cache(self):
+        """Test if slicing returns the correct messages if the cache was appended with more messages it can contain."""
+        sizes = (5, 10, 55, 101)
+
+        slices = (
+            slice(None), slice(2, None), slice(None, 2), slice(None, None, 2), slice(None, None, 3), slice(-1, 2),
+            slice(-1, 3000), slice(-3, -1), slice(-10, 3), slice(-10, 4, 2), slice(None, None, -1), slice(None, 3, -2),
+            slice(None, None, -3), slice(-1, -10, -2), slice(-3, -7, -1)
+        )
+
+        for size in sizes:
+            cache = MessageCache(maxlen=size)
+            messages = [MockMessage() for _ in range(size * 3 // 2)]
+
+            for msg in messages:
+                cache.append(msg)
+            messages = messages[size // 2:]
+
+            for slice_ in slices:
+                with self.subTest(current_loop=(size, slice_)):
+                    self.assertListEqual(cache[slice_], messages[slice_])
+
+    def test_length(self):
+        """Test if len returns the correct number of items in the cache."""
+        cache = MessageCache(maxlen=5)
+
+        for current_loop in range(10):
+            with self.subTest(current_loop=current_loop):
+                self.assertEqual(len(cache), min(current_loop, 5))
+                cache.append(MockMessage())