Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' into alphabetize-config

17 files changed, 381 insertions, 359 deletions

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c813997e7..ac45e6340 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 [![Build][3]][4]
 [![Deploy][5]][6]
 [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/python-discord/bot/badge.svg)](https://coveralls.io/github/python-discord/bot)
-[![License](https://img.shields.io/github/license/python-discord/bot)](LICENSE)
-[![Website](https://img.shields.io/badge/website-visit-brightgreen)](https://pythondiscord.com)
+[![License](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-green)](LICENSE)
 
 This project is a Discord bot specifically for use with the Python Discord server. It provides numerous utilities
 and other tools to help keep the server running like a well-oiled machine.
@@ -19,5 +18,5 @@ Read the [Contributing Guide](https://pythondiscord.com/pages/contributing/bot/)
 [4]: https://github.com/python-discord/bot/actions?query=workflow%3ABuild+branch%3Amaster
 [5]: https://github.com/python-discord/bot/workflows/Deploy/badge.svg?branch=master
 [6]: https://github.com/python-discord/bot/actions?query=workflow%3ADeploy+branch%3Amaster
-[7]: https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Python%20Discord&logo=discord&message=%3E100k%20members&color=%237289DA&logoColor=white
-[8]: https://discord.gg/2B963hn
+[7]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/python-discord/branding/master/logos/badge/badge_github.svg
+[8]: https://discord.gg/python
diff --git a/bot/constants.py b/bot/constants.py
index 1905c8dfb..95e22513f 100644
--- a/bot/constants.py
+++ b/bot/constants.py
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ class Channels(metaclass=YAMLGetter):
     dev_log: int
 
     meta: int
-    python_discussion: int
+    python_general: int
 
     cooldown: int
 
@@ -421,6 +421,7 @@ class Channels(metaclass=YAMLGetter):
     off_topic_2: int
 
     bot_commands: int
+    discord_py: int
     esoteric: int
     voice_gate: int
 
diff --git a/bot/exts/help_channels/_channel.py b/bot/exts/help_channels/_channel.py
index e717d7af8..224214b00 100644
--- a/bot/exts/help_channels/_channel.py
+++ b/bot/exts/help_channels/_channel.py
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@ from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 
 import discord
 
+import bot
 from bot import constants
 from bot.exts.help_channels import _caches, _message
+from bot.utils.channel import try_get_channel
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -55,3 +57,43 @@ async def get_in_use_time(channel_id: int) -> t.Optional[timedelta]:
 def is_excluded_channel(channel: discord.abc.GuildChannel) -> bool:
     """Check if a channel should be excluded from the help channel system."""
     return not isinstance(channel, discord.TextChannel) or channel.id in EXCLUDED_CHANNELS
+
+
+async def move_to_bottom(channel: discord.TextChannel, category_id: int, **options) -> None:
+    """
+    Move the `channel` to the bottom position of `category` and edit channel attributes.
+
+    To ensure "stable sorting", we use the `bulk_channel_update` endpoint and provide the current
+    positions of the other channels in the category as-is. This should make sure that the channel
+    really ends up at the bottom of the category.
+
+    If `options` are provided, the channel will be edited after the move is completed. This is the
+    same order of operations that `discord.TextChannel.edit` uses. For information on available
+    options, see the documentation on `discord.TextChannel.edit`. While possible, position-related
+    options should be avoided, as it may interfere with the category move we perform.
+    """
+    # Get a fresh copy of the category from the bot to avoid the cache mismatch issue we had.
+    category = await try_get_channel(category_id)
+
+    payload = [{"id": c.id, "position": c.position} for c in category.channels]
+
+    # Calculate the bottom position based on the current highest position in the category. If the
+    # category is currently empty, we simply use the current position of the channel to avoid making
+    # unnecessary changes to positions in the guild.
+    bottom_position = payload[-1]["position"] + 1 if payload else channel.position
+
+    payload.append(
+        {
+            "id": channel.id,
+            "position": bottom_position,
+            "parent_id": category.id,
+            "lock_permissions": True,
+        }
+    )
+
+    # We use d.py's method to ensure our request is processed by d.py's rate limit manager
+    await bot.instance.http.bulk_channel_update(category.guild.id, payload)
+
+    # Now that the channel is moved, we can edit the other attributes
+    if options:
+        await channel.edit(**options)
diff --git a/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py b/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
index 983c5d183..0995c8a79 100644
--- a/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
+++ b/bot/exts/help_channels/_cog.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import logging
 import random
 import typing as t
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from operator import attrgetter
 
 import discord
 import discord.abc
@@ -10,12 +11,12 @@ from discord.ext import commands
 
 from bot import constants
 from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.exts.help_channels import _caches, _channel, _cooldown, _message, _name
-from bot.utils import channel as channel_utils
-from bot.utils.scheduling import Scheduler
+from bot.exts.help_channels import _caches, _channel, _cooldown, _message, _name, _stats
+from bot.utils import channel as channel_utils, lock, scheduling
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
+NAMESPACE = "help"
 HELP_CHANNEL_TOPIC = """
 This is a Python help channel. You can claim your own help channel in the Python Help: Available category.
 """
@@ -58,7 +59,7 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
     def __init__(self, bot: Bot):
         self.bot = bot
-        self.scheduler = Scheduler(self.__class__.__name__)
+        self.scheduler = scheduling.Scheduler(self.__class__.__name__)
 
         # Categories
         self.available_category: discord.CategoryChannel = None
@@ -73,7 +74,6 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
         # Asyncio stuff
         self.queue_tasks: t.List[asyncio.Task] = []
-        self.on_message_lock = asyncio.Lock()
         self.init_task = self.bot.loop.create_task(self.init_cog())
 
     def cog_unload(self) -> None:
@@ -87,6 +87,36 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
         self.scheduler.cancel_all()
 
+    @lock.lock_arg(NAMESPACE, "message", attrgetter("channel.id"))
+    @lock.lock_arg(NAMESPACE, "message", attrgetter("author.id"))
+    @lock.lock_arg(f"{NAMESPACE}.unclaim", "message", attrgetter("author.id"), wait=True)
+    async def claim_channel(self, message: discord.Message) -> None:
+        """
+        Claim the channel in which the question `message` was sent.
+
+        Move the channel to the In Use category and pin the `message`. Add a cooldown to the
+        claimant to prevent them from asking another question. Lastly, make a new channel available.
+        """
+        log.info(f"Channel #{message.channel} was claimed by `{message.author.id}`.")
+        await self.move_to_in_use(message.channel)
+        await _cooldown.revoke_send_permissions(message.author, self.scheduler)
+
+        await _message.pin(message)
+
+        # Add user with channel for dormant check.
+        await _caches.claimants.set(message.channel.id, message.author.id)
+
+        self.bot.stats.incr("help.claimed")
+
+        # Must use a timezone-aware datetime to ensure a correct POSIX timestamp.
+        timestamp = datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp()
+        await _caches.claim_times.set(message.channel.id, timestamp)
+
+        await _caches.unanswered.set(message.channel.id, True)
+
+        # Not awaited because it may indefinitely hold the lock while waiting for a channel.
+        scheduling.create_task(self.move_to_available(), name=f"help_claim_{message.id}")
+
     def create_channel_queue(self) -> asyncio.Queue:
         """
         Return a queue of dormant channels to use for getting the next available channel.
@@ -124,8 +154,12 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         log.debug(f"Creating a new dormant channel named {name}.")
         return await self.dormant_category.create_text_channel(name, topic=HELP_CHANNEL_TOPIC)
 
-    async def dormant_check(self, ctx: commands.Context) -> bool:
-        """Return True if the user is the help channel claimant or passes the role check."""
+    async def close_check(self, ctx: commands.Context) -> bool:
+        """Return True if the channel is in use and the user is the claimant or has a whitelisted role."""
+        if ctx.channel.category != self.in_use_category:
+            log.debug(f"{ctx.author} invoked command 'close' outside an in-use help channel")
+            return False
+
         if await _caches.claimants.get(ctx.channel.id) == ctx.author.id:
             log.trace(f"{ctx.author} is the help channel claimant, passing the check for dormant.")
             self.bot.stats.incr("help.dormant_invoke.claimant")
@@ -144,18 +178,12 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         """
         Make the current in-use help channel dormant.
 
-        Make the channel dormant if the user passes the `dormant_check`,
-        delete the message that invoked this.
+        May only be invoked by the channel's claimant or by staff.
         """
-        log.trace("close command invoked; checking if the channel is in-use.")
-
-        if ctx.channel.category != self.in_use_category:
-            log.debug(f"{ctx.author} invoked command 'dormant' outside an in-use help channel")
-            return
-
-        if await self.dormant_check(ctx):
-            await self.move_to_dormant(ctx.channel, "command")
-            self.scheduler.cancel(ctx.channel.id)
+        # Don't use a discord.py check because the check needs to fail silently.
+        if await self.close_check(ctx):
+            log.info(f"Close command invoked by {ctx.author} in #{ctx.channel}.")
+            await self.unclaim_channel(ctx.channel, is_auto=False)
 
     async def get_available_candidate(self) -> discord.TextChannel:
         """
@@ -201,7 +229,7 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         elif missing < 0:
             log.trace(f"Moving {abs(missing)} superfluous available channels over to the Dormant category.")
             for channel in channels[:abs(missing)]:
-                await self.move_to_dormant(channel, "auto")
+                await self.unclaim_channel(channel)
 
     async def init_categories(self) -> None:
         """Get the help category objects. Remove the cog if retrieval fails."""
@@ -248,20 +276,10 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         self.close_command.enabled = True
 
         await self.init_available()
-        self.report_stats()
+        _stats.report_counts()
 
         log.info("Cog is ready!")
 
-    def report_stats(self) -> None:
-        """Report the channel count stats."""
-        total_in_use = sum(1 for _ in _channel.get_category_channels(self.in_use_category))
-        total_available = sum(1 for _ in _channel.get_category_channels(self.available_category))
-        total_dormant = sum(1 for _ in _channel.get_category_channels(self.dormant_category))
-
-        self.bot.stats.gauge("help.total.in_use", total_in_use)
-        self.bot.stats.gauge("help.total.available", total_available)
-        self.bot.stats.gauge("help.total.dormant", total_dormant)
-
     async def move_idle_channel(self, channel: discord.TextChannel, has_task: bool = True) -> None:
         """
         Make the `channel` dormant if idle or schedule the move if still active.
@@ -284,7 +302,7 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
                 f"and will be made dormant."
             )
 
-            await self.move_to_dormant(channel, "auto")
+            await self.unclaim_channel(channel)
         else:
             # Cancel the existing task, if any.
             if has_task:
@@ -298,45 +316,6 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
             self.scheduler.schedule_later(delay, channel.id, self.move_idle_channel(channel))
 
-    async def move_to_bottom_position(self, channel: discord.TextChannel, category_id: int, **options) -> None:
-        """
-        Move the `channel` to the bottom position of `category` and edit channel attributes.
-
-        To ensure "stable sorting", we use the `bulk_channel_update` endpoint and provide the current
-        positions of the other channels in the category as-is. This should make sure that the channel
-        really ends up at the bottom of the category.
-
-        If `options` are provided, the channel will be edited after the move is completed. This is the
-        same order of operations that `discord.TextChannel.edit` uses. For information on available
-        options, see the documentation on `discord.TextChannel.edit`. While possible, position-related
-        options should be avoided, as it may interfere with the category move we perform.
-        """
-        # Get a fresh copy of the category from the bot to avoid the cache mismatch issue we had.
-        category = await channel_utils.try_get_channel(category_id)
-
-        payload = [{"id": c.id, "position": c.position} for c in category.channels]
-
-        # Calculate the bottom position based on the current highest position in the category. If the
-        # category is currently empty, we simply use the current position of the channel to avoid making
-        # unnecessary changes to positions in the guild.
-        bottom_position = payload[-1]["position"] + 1 if payload else channel.position
-
-        payload.append(
-            {
-                "id": channel.id,
-                "position": bottom_position,
-                "parent_id": category.id,
-                "lock_permissions": True,
-            }
-        )
-
-        # We use d.py's method to ensure our request is processed by d.py's rate limit manager
-        await self.bot.http.bulk_channel_update(category.guild.id, payload)
-
-        # Now that the channel is moved, we can edit the other attributes
-        if options:
-            await channel.edit(**options)
-
     async def move_to_available(self) -> None:
         """Make a channel available."""
         log.trace("Making a channel available.")
@@ -348,78 +327,81 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
         log.trace(f"Moving #{channel} ({channel.id}) to the Available category.")
 
-        await self.move_to_bottom_position(
+        await _channel.move_to_bottom(
             channel=channel,
             category_id=constants.Categories.help_available,
         )
 
-        self.report_stats()
-
-    async def move_to_dormant(self, channel: discord.TextChannel, caller: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Make the `channel` dormant.
+        _stats.report_counts()
 
-        A caller argument is provided for metrics.
-        """
+    async def move_to_dormant(self, channel: discord.TextChannel) -> None:
+        """Make the `channel` dormant."""
         log.info(f"Moving #{channel} ({channel.id}) to the Dormant category.")
-
-        await self.move_to_bottom_position(
+        await _channel.move_to_bottom(
             channel=channel,
             category_id=constants.Categories.help_dormant,
         )
 
-        await self.unclaim_channel(channel)
-
-        self.bot.stats.incr(f"help.dormant_calls.{caller}")
-
-        in_use_time = await _channel.get_in_use_time(channel.id)
-        if in_use_time:
-            self.bot.stats.timing("help.in_use_time", in_use_time)
-
-        unanswered = await _caches.unanswered.get(channel.id)
-        if unanswered:
-            self.bot.stats.incr("help.sessions.unanswered")
-        elif unanswered is not None:
-            self.bot.stats.incr("help.sessions.answered")
-
-        log.trace(f"Position of #{channel} ({channel.id}) is actually {channel.position}.")
         log.trace(f"Sending dormant message for #{channel} ({channel.id}).")
         embed = discord.Embed(description=_message.DORMANT_MSG)
         await channel.send(embed=embed)
 
-        await _message.unpin(channel)
-
         log.trace(f"Pushing #{channel} ({channel.id}) into the channel queue.")
         self.channel_queue.put_nowait(channel)
-        self.report_stats()
 
-    async def unclaim_channel(self, channel: discord.TextChannel) -> None:
+        _stats.report_counts()
+
+    @lock.lock_arg(f"{NAMESPACE}.unclaim", "channel")
+    async def unclaim_channel(self, channel: discord.TextChannel, *, is_auto: bool = True) -> None:
         """
-        Mark the channel as unclaimed and remove the cooldown role from the claimant if needed.
+        Unclaim an in-use help `channel` to make it dormant.
+
+        Unpin the claimant's question message and move the channel to the Dormant category.
+        Remove the cooldown role from the channel claimant if they have no other channels claimed.
+        Cancel the scheduled cooldown role removal task.
 
-        The role is only removed if they have no claimed channels left once the current one is unclaimed.
-        This method also handles canceling the automatic removal of the cooldown role.
+        Set `is_auto` to True if the channel was automatically closed or False if manually closed.
         """
-        claimant_id = await _caches.claimants.pop(channel.id)
+        claimant_id = await _caches.claimants.get(channel.id)
+        _unclaim_channel = self._unclaim_channel
+
+        # It could be possible that there is no claimant cached. In such case, it'd be useless and
+        # possibly incorrect to lock on None. Therefore, the lock is applied conditionally.
+        if claimant_id is not None:
+            decorator = lock.lock_arg(f"{NAMESPACE}.unclaim", "claimant_id", wait=True)
+            _unclaim_channel = decorator(_unclaim_channel)
+
+        return await _unclaim_channel(channel, claimant_id, is_auto)
 
-        # Ignore missing task when cooldown has passed but the channel still isn't dormant.
+    async def _unclaim_channel(self, channel: discord.TextChannel, claimant_id: int, is_auto: bool) -> None:
+        """Actual implementation of `unclaim_channel`. See that for full documentation."""
+        await _caches.claimants.delete(channel.id)
+
+        # Ignore missing tasks because a channel may still be dormant after the cooldown expires.
         if claimant_id in self.scheduler:
             self.scheduler.cancel(claimant_id)
 
         claimant = self.bot.get_guild(constants.Guild.id).get_member(claimant_id)
         if claimant is None:
             log.info(f"{claimant_id} left the guild during their help session; the cooldown role won't be removed")
-            return
-
-        # Remove the cooldown role if the claimant has no other channels left
-        if not any(claimant.id == user_id for _, user_id in await _caches.claimants.items()):
+        elif not any(claimant.id == user_id for _, user_id in await _caches.claimants.items()):
+            # Remove the cooldown role if the claimant has no other channels left
             await _cooldown.remove_cooldown_role(claimant)
 
+        await _message.unpin(channel)
+        await _stats.report_complete_session(channel.id, is_auto)
+        await self.move_to_dormant(channel)
+
+        # Cancel the task that makes the channel dormant only if called by the close command.
+        # In other cases, the task is either already done or not-existent.
+        if not is_auto:
+            self.scheduler.cancel(channel.id)
+
     async def move_to_in_use(self, channel: discord.TextChannel) -> None:
         """Make a channel in-use and schedule it to be made dormant."""
         log.info(f"Moving #{channel} ({channel.id}) to the In Use category.")
 
-        await self.move_to_bottom_position(
+        await _channel.move_to_bottom(
             channel=channel,
             category_id=constants.Categories.help_in_use,
         )
@@ -428,7 +410,7 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
         log.trace(f"Scheduling #{channel} ({channel.id}) to become dormant in {timeout} sec.")
         self.scheduler.schedule_later(timeout, channel.id, self.move_idle_channel(channel))
-        self.report_stats()
+        _stats.report_counts()
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_message(self, message: discord.Message) -> None:
@@ -436,51 +418,13 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
         if message.author.bot:
             return  # Ignore messages sent by bots.
 
-        channel = message.channel
-
-        await _message.check_for_answer(message)
-
-        is_available = channel_utils.is_in_category(channel, constants.Categories.help_available)
-        if not is_available or _channel.is_excluded_channel(channel):
-            return  # Ignore messages outside the Available category or in excluded channels.
-
-        log.trace("Waiting for the cog to be ready before processing messages.")
         await self.init_task
 
-        log.trace("Acquiring lock to prevent a channel from being processed twice...")
-        async with self.on_message_lock:
-            log.trace(f"on_message lock acquired for {message.id}.")
-
-            if not channel_utils.is_in_category(channel, constants.Categories.help_available):
-                log.debug(
-                    f"Message {message.id} will not make #{channel} ({channel.id}) in-use "
-                    f"because another message in the channel already triggered that."
-                )
-                return
-
-            log.info(f"Channel #{channel} was claimed by `{message.author.id}`.")
-            await self.move_to_in_use(channel)
-            await _cooldown.revoke_send_permissions(message.author, self.scheduler)
-
-            await _message.pin(message)
-
-            # Add user with channel for dormant check.
-            await _caches.claimants.set(channel.id, message.author.id)
-
-            self.bot.stats.incr("help.claimed")
-
-            # Must use a timezone-aware datetime to ensure a correct POSIX timestamp.
-            timestamp = datetime.now(timezone.utc).timestamp()
-            await _caches.claim_times.set(channel.id, timestamp)
-
-            await _caches.unanswered.set(channel.id, True)
-
-            log.trace(f"Releasing on_message lock for {message.id}.")
-
-        # Move a dormant channel to the Available category to fill in the gap.
-        # This is done last and outside the lock because it may wait indefinitely for a channel to
-        # be put in the queue.
-        await self.move_to_available()
+        if channel_utils.is_in_category(message.channel, constants.Categories.help_available):
+            if not _channel.is_excluded_channel(message.channel):
+                await self.claim_channel(message)
+        else:
+            await _message.check_for_answer(message)
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_message_delete(self, msg: discord.Message) -> None:
@@ -489,15 +433,14 @@ class HelpChannels(commands.Cog):
 
         The new time for the dormant task is configured with `HelpChannels.deleted_idle_minutes`.
         """
+        await self.init_task
+
         if not channel_utils.is_in_category(msg.channel, constants.Categories.help_in_use):
             return
 
         if not await _message.is_empty(msg.channel):
             return
 
-        log.trace("Waiting for the cog to be ready before processing deleted messages.")
-        await self.init_task
-
         log.info(f"Claimant of #{msg.channel} ({msg.author}) deleted message, channel is empty now. Rescheduling task.")
 
         # Cancel existing dormant task before scheduling new.
diff --git a/bot/exts/help_channels/_stats.py b/bot/exts/help_channels/_stats.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b8778e7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/exts/help_channels/_stats.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import logging
+
+from more_itertools import ilen
+
+import bot
+from bot import constants
+from bot.exts.help_channels import _caches, _channel
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def report_counts() -> None:
+    """Report channel count stats of each help category."""
+    for name in ("in_use", "available", "dormant"):
+        id_ = getattr(constants.Categories, f"help_{name}")
+        category = bot.instance.get_channel(id_)
+
+        if category:
+            total = ilen(_channel.get_category_channels(category))
+            bot.instance.stats.gauge(f"help.total.{name}", total)
+        else:
+            log.warning(f"Couldn't find category {name!r} to track channel count stats.")
+
+
+async def report_complete_session(channel_id: int, is_auto: bool) -> None:
+    """
+    Report stats for a completed help session channel `channel_id`.
+
+    Set `is_auto` to True if the channel was automatically closed or False if manually closed.
+    """
+    caller = "auto" if is_auto else "command"
+    bot.instance.stats.incr(f"help.dormant_calls.{caller}")
+
+    in_use_time = await _channel.get_in_use_time(channel_id)
+    if in_use_time:
+        bot.instance.stats.timing("help.in_use_time", in_use_time)
+
+    unanswered = await _caches.unanswered.get(channel_id)
+    if unanswered:
+        bot.instance.stats.incr("help.sessions.unanswered")
+    elif unanswered is not None:
+        bot.instance.stats.incr("help.sessions.answered")
diff --git a/bot/exts/info/information.py b/bot/exts/info/information.py
index 9fb875925..4499e4c25 100644
--- a/bot/exts/info/information.py
+++ b/bot/exts/info/information.py
@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ import colorsys
 import logging
 import pprint
 import textwrap
-from collections import Counter, defaultdict
-from string import Template
-from typing import Any, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import Any, DefaultDict, Dict, Mapping, Optional, Tuple, Union
 
 import fuzzywuzzy
-from discord import ChannelType, Colour, Embed, Guild, Message, Role, Status
-from discord.abc import GuildChannel
+from discord import Colour, Embed, Guild, Message, Role
 from discord.ext.commands import BucketType, Cog, Context, Paginator, command, group, has_any_role
 
 from bot import constants
@@ -17,18 +15,12 @@ from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.converters import FetchedMember
 from bot.decorators import in_whitelist
 from bot.pagination import LinePaginator
-from bot.utils.channel import is_mod_channel
+from bot.utils.channel import is_mod_channel, is_staff_channel
 from bot.utils.checks import cooldown_with_role_bypass, has_no_roles_check, in_whitelist_check
 from bot.utils.time import time_since
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-STATUS_EMOTES = {
-    Status.offline: constants.Emojis.status_offline,
-    Status.dnd: constants.Emojis.status_dnd,
-    Status.idle: constants.Emojis.status_idle
-}
-
 
 class Information(Cog):
     """A cog with commands for generating embeds with server info, such as server stats and user info."""
@@ -37,47 +29,53 @@ class Information(Cog):
         self.bot = bot
 
     @staticmethod
-    def role_can_read(channel: GuildChannel, role: Role) -> bool:
-        """Return True if `role` can read messages in `channel`."""
-        overwrites = channel.overwrites_for(role)
-        return overwrites.read_messages is True
+    def get_channel_type_counts(guild: Guild) -> DefaultDict[str, int]:
+        """Return the total amounts of the various types of channels in `guild`."""
+        channel_counter = defaultdict(int)
 
-    def get_staff_channel_count(self, guild: Guild) -> int:
-        """
-        Get the number of channels that are staff-only.
+        for channel in guild.channels:
+            if is_staff_channel(channel):
+                channel_counter["staff"] += 1
+            else:
+                channel_counter[str(channel.type)] += 1
 
-        We need to know two things about a channel:
-        - Does the @everyone role have explicit read deny permissions?
-        - Do staff roles have explicit read allow permissions?
+        return channel_counter
 
-        If the answer to both of these questions is yes, it's a staff channel.
-        """
-        channel_ids = set()
-        for channel in guild.channels:
-            if channel.type is ChannelType.category:
-                continue
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_member_counts(guild: Guild) -> Dict[str, int]:
+        """Return the total number of members for certain roles in `guild`."""
+        roles = (
+            guild.get_role(role_id) for role_id in (
+                constants.Roles.helpers, constants.Roles.moderators, constants.Roles.admins,
+                constants.Roles.owners, constants.Roles.contributors,
+            )
+        )
+        return {role.name.title(): len(role.members) for role in roles}
 
-            everyone_can_read = self.role_can_read(channel, guild.default_role)
+    def get_extended_server_info(self) -> str:
+        """Return additional server info only visible in moderation channels."""
+        talentpool_info = ""
+        if cog := self.bot.get_cog("Talentpool"):
+            talentpool_info = f"Nominated: {len(cog.watched_users)}\n"
 
-            for role in constants.STAFF_ROLES:
-                role_can_read = self.role_can_read(channel, guild.get_role(role))
-                if role_can_read and not everyone_can_read:
-                    channel_ids.add(channel.id)
-                    break
+        bb_info = ""
+        if cog := self.bot.get_cog("Big Brother"):
+            bb_info = f"BB-watched: {len(cog.watched_users)}\n"
 
-        return len(channel_ids)
+        defcon_info = ""
+        if cog := self.bot.get_cog("Defcon"):
+            defcon_status = "Enabled" if cog.enabled else "Disabled"
+            defcon_days = cog.days.days if cog.enabled else "-"
+            defcon_info = f"Defcon status: {defcon_status}\nDefcon days: {defcon_days}\n"
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def get_channel_type_counts(guild: Guild) -> str:
-        """Return the total amounts of the various types of channels in `guild`."""
-        channel_counter = Counter(c.type for c in guild.channels)
-        channel_type_list = []
-        for channel, count in channel_counter.items():
-            channel_type = str(channel).title()
-            channel_type_list.append(f"{channel_type} channels: {count}")
+        python_general = self.bot.get_channel(constants.Channels.python_general)
 
-        channel_type_list = sorted(channel_type_list)
-        return "\n".join(channel_type_list)
+        return textwrap.dedent(f"""
+            {talentpool_info}\
+            {bb_info}\
+            {defcon_info}\
+            {python_general.mention} cooldown: {python_general.slowmode_delay}s
+        """)
 
     @has_any_role(*constants.STAFF_ROLES)
     @command(name="roles")
@@ -152,51 +150,56 @@ class Information(Cog):
     @command(name="server", aliases=["server_info", "guild", "guild_info"])
     async def server_info(self, ctx: Context) -> None:
         """Returns an embed full of server information."""
+        embed = Embed(colour=Colour.blurple(), title="Server Information")
+
         created = time_since(ctx.guild.created_at, precision="days")
-        features = ", ".join(ctx.guild.features)
         region = ctx.guild.region
+        num_roles = len(ctx.guild.roles) - 1  # Exclude @everyone
 
-        roles = len(ctx.guild.roles)
-        member_count = ctx.guild.member_count
-        channel_counts = self.get_channel_type_counts(ctx.guild)
+        # Server Features are only useful in certain channels
+        if ctx.channel.id in (
+            *constants.MODERATION_CHANNELS, constants.Channels.dev_core, constants.Channels.dev_contrib
+        ):
+            features = f"\nFeatures: {', '.join(ctx.guild.features)}"
+        else:
+            features = ""
 
-        # How many of each user status?
+        # Member status
         py_invite = await self.bot.fetch_invite(constants.Guild.invite)
         online_presences = py_invite.approximate_presence_count
         offline_presences = py_invite.approximate_member_count - online_presences
-        embed = Embed(colour=Colour.blurple())
-
-        # How many staff members and staff channels do we have?
-        staff_member_count = len(ctx.guild.get_role(constants.Roles.helpers).members)
-        staff_channel_count = self.get_staff_channel_count(ctx.guild)
-
-        # Because channel_counts lacks leading whitespace, it breaks the dedent if it's inserted directly by the
-        # f-string. While this is correctly formatted by Discord, it makes unit testing difficult. To keep the
-        # formatting without joining a tuple of strings we can use a Template string to insert the already-formatted
-        # channel_counts after the dedent is made.
-        embed.description = Template(
-            textwrap.dedent(f"""
-                **Server information**
-                Created: {created}
-                Voice region: {region}
-                Features: {features}
-
-                **Channel counts**
-                $channel_counts
-                Staff channels: {staff_channel_count}
-
-                **Member counts**
-                Members: {member_count:,}
-                Staff members: {staff_member_count}
-                Roles: {roles}
-
-                **Member statuses**
-                {constants.Emojis.status_online} {online_presences:,}
-                {constants.Emojis.status_offline} {offline_presences:,}
-            """)
-        ).substitute({"channel_counts": channel_counts})
+        member_status = (
+            f"{constants.Emojis.status_online} {online_presences} "
+            f"{constants.Emojis.status_offline} {offline_presences}"
+        )
+
+        embed.description = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+            Created: {created}
+            Voice region: {region}\
+            {features}
+            Roles: {num_roles}
+            Member status: {member_status}
+        """)
         embed.set_thumbnail(url=ctx.guild.icon_url)
 
+        # Members
+        total_members = ctx.guild.member_count
+        member_counts = self.get_member_counts(ctx.guild)
+        member_info = "\n".join(f"{role}: {count}" for role, count in member_counts.items())
+        embed.add_field(name=f"Members: {total_members}", value=member_info)
+
+        # Channels
+        total_channels = len(ctx.guild.channels)
+        channel_counts = self.get_channel_type_counts(ctx.guild)
+        channel_info = "\n".join(
+            f"{channel.title()}: {count}" for channel, count in sorted(channel_counts.items())
+        )
+        embed.add_field(name=f"Channels: {total_channels}", value=channel_info)
+
+        # Additional info if ran in moderation channels
+        if is_mod_channel(ctx.channel):
+            embed.add_field(name="Moderation:", value=self.get_extended_server_info())
+
         await ctx.send(embed=embed)
 
     @command(name="user", aliases=["user_info", "member", "member_info"])
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
index 18e937e87..b3d069b34 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/infraction/infractions.py
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ class Infractions(InfractionScheduler, commands.Cog):
     # endregion
     # region: Temporary shadow infractions
 
-    @command(hidden=True, aliases=["shadowtempban, stempban"])
+    @command(hidden=True, aliases=["shadowtempban", "stempban"])
     async def shadow_tempban(
         self,
         ctx: Context,
diff --git a/bot/exts/moderation/slowmode.py b/bot/exts/moderation/slowmode.py
index efd862aa5..c449752e1 100644
--- a/bot/exts/moderation/slowmode.py
+++ b/bot/exts/moderation/slowmode.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from discord import TextChannel
 from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, group, has_any_role
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
-from bot.constants import Emojis, MODERATION_ROLES
+from bot.constants import Channels, Emojis, MODERATION_ROLES
 from bot.converters import DurationDelta
 from bot.utils import time
 
@@ -15,6 +15,12 @@ log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 SLOWMODE_MAX_DELAY = 21600  # seconds
 
+COMMONLY_SLOWMODED_CHANNELS = {
+    Channels.python_general: "python_general",
+    Channels.discord_py: "discordpy",
+    Channels.off_topic_0: "ot0",
+}
+
 
 class Slowmode(Cog):
     """Commands for getting and setting slowmode delays of text channels."""
@@ -58,6 +64,10 @@ class Slowmode(Cog):
             log.info(f'{ctx.author} set the slowmode delay for #{channel} to {humanized_delay}.')
 
             await channel.edit(slowmode_delay=slowmode_delay)
+            if channel.id in COMMONLY_SLOWMODED_CHANNELS:
+                log.info(f'Recording slowmode change in stats for {channel.name}.')
+                self.bot.stats.gauge(f"slowmode.{COMMONLY_SLOWMODED_CHANNELS[channel.id]}", slowmode_delay)
+
             await ctx.send(
                 f'{Emojis.check_mark} The slowmode delay for {channel.mention} is now {humanized_delay}.'
             )
@@ -75,16 +85,7 @@ class Slowmode(Cog):
     @slowmode_group.command(name='reset', aliases=['r'])
     async def reset_slowmode(self, ctx: Context, channel: Optional[TextChannel]) -> None:
         """Reset the slowmode delay for a text channel to 0 seconds."""
-        # Use the channel this command was invoked in if one was not given
-        if channel is None:
-            channel = ctx.channel
-
-        log.info(f'{ctx.author} reset the slowmode delay for #{channel} to 0 seconds.')
-
-        await channel.edit(slowmode_delay=0)
-        await ctx.send(
-            f'{Emojis.check_mark} The slowmode delay for {channel.mention} has been reset to 0 seconds.'
-        )
+        await self.set_slowmode(ctx, channel, relativedelta(seconds=0))
 
     async def cog_check(self, ctx: Context) -> bool:
         """Only allow moderators to invoke the commands in this cog."""
diff --git a/bot/exts/utils/internal.py b/bot/exts/utils/internal.py
index 3521c8fd4..a7ab43f37 100644
--- a/bot/exts/utils/internal.py
+++ b/bot/exts/utils/internal.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ from discord.ext.commands import Cog, Context, group, has_any_role
 
 from bot.bot import Bot
 from bot.constants import Roles
-from bot.interpreter import Interpreter
 from bot.utils import find_nth_occurrence, send_to_paste_service
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -30,8 +29,6 @@ class Internal(Cog):
         self.ln = 0
         self.stdout = StringIO()
 
-        self.interpreter = Interpreter()
-
         self.socket_since = datetime.utcnow()
         self.socket_event_total = 0
         self.socket_events = Counter()
diff --git a/bot/interpreter.py b/bot/interpreter.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b58f7a6b0..000000000
--- a/bot/interpreter.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-from code import InteractiveInterpreter
-from io import StringIO
-from typing import Any
-
-from discord.ext.commands import Context
-
-import bot
-
-CODE_TEMPLATE = """
-async def _func():
-{0}
-"""
-
-
-class Interpreter(InteractiveInterpreter):
-    """
-    Subclass InteractiveInterpreter to specify custom run functionality.
-
-    Helper class for internal eval.
-    """
-
-    write_callable = None
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        locals_ = {"bot": bot.instance}
-        super().__init__(locals_)
-
-    async def run(self, code: str, ctx: Context, io: StringIO, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
-        """Execute the provided source code as the bot & return the output."""
-        self.locals["_rvalue"] = []
-        self.locals["ctx"] = ctx
-        self.locals["print"] = lambda x: io.write(f"{x}\n")
-
-        code_io = StringIO()
-
-        for line in code.split("\n"):
-            code_io.write(f"    {line}\n")
-
-        code = CODE_TEMPLATE.format(code_io.getvalue())
-        del code_io
-
-        self.runsource(code, *args, **kwargs)
-        self.runsource("_rvalue = _func()", *args, **kwargs)
-
-        rvalue = await self.locals["_rvalue"]
-
-        del self.locals["_rvalue"]
-        del self.locals["ctx"]
-        del self.locals["print"]
-
-        return rvalue
diff --git a/bot/log.py b/bot/log.py
index 0935666d1..e92233a33 100644
--- a/bot/log.py
+++ b/bot/log.py
@@ -54,6 +54,9 @@ def setup() -> None:
     logging.getLogger("chardet").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
     logging.getLogger("async_rediscache").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
 
+    # Set back to the default of INFO even if asyncio's debug mode is enabled.
+    logging.getLogger("asyncio").setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
 
 def setup_sentry() -> None:
     """Set up the Sentry logging integrations."""
diff --git a/bot/resources/tags/environments.md b/bot/resources/tags/environments.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7bc69bde4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bot/resources/tags/environments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+**Python Environments**
+
+The main purpose of Python [virtual environments](https://docs.Python.org/3/library/venv.html#venv-def) is to create an isolated environment for Python projects. This means that each project can have its own dependencies, such as third party packages installed using pip, regardless of what dependencies every other project has.
+
+To see the current environment in use by Python, you can run:
+```py
+>>> import sys
+>>> print(sys.executable)
+/usr/bin/python3
+```
+
+To see the environment in use by pip, you can do `pip debug` (`pip3 debug` for Linux/macOS). The 3rd line of the output will contain the path in use e.g. `sys.executable: /usr/bin/python3`.
+
+If Python's `sys.executable` doesn't match pip's, then they are currently using different environments! This may cause Python to raise a `ModuleNotFoundError` when you try to use a package you just installed with pip, as it was installed to a different environment.
+
+**Why use a virtual environment?**
+
+• Resolve dependency issues by allowing the use of different versions of a package for different projects. For example, you could use Package A v2.7 for Project X and Package A v1.3 for Project Y.  
+• Make your project self-contained and reproducible by capturing all package dependencies in a requirements file. Try running `pip freeze` to see what you currently have installed!  
+• Keep your global `site-packages/` directory tidy by removing the need to install packages system-wide which you might only need for one project.
+
+
+**Further reading:**
+
+• [Python Virtual Environments: A Primer](https://realpython.com/python-virtual-environments-a-primer)  
+• [pyenv: Simple Python Version Management](https://github.com/pyenv/pyenv)
diff --git a/bot/utils/channel.py b/bot/utils/channel.py
index 0c072184c..72603c521 100644
--- a/bot/utils/channel.py
+++ b/bot/utils/channel.py
@@ -32,6 +32,22 @@ def is_mod_channel(channel: discord.TextChannel) -> bool:
         return False
 
 
+def is_staff_channel(channel: discord.TextChannel) -> bool:
+    """True if `channel` is considered a staff channel."""
+    guild = bot.instance.get_guild(constants.Guild.id)
+
+    if channel.type is discord.ChannelType.category:
+        return False
+
+    # Channel is staff-only if staff have explicit read allow perms
+    # and @everyone has explicit read deny perms
+    return any(
+        channel.overwrites_for(guild.get_role(staff_role)).read_messages is True
+        and channel.overwrites_for(guild.default_role).read_messages is False
+        for staff_role in constants.STAFF_ROLES
+    )
+
+
 def is_in_category(channel: discord.TextChannel, category_id: int) -> bool:
     """Return True if `channel` is within a category with `category_id`."""
     return getattr(channel, "category_id", None) == category_id
diff --git a/bot/utils/lock.py b/bot/utils/lock.py
index 7aaafbc88..e44776340 100644
--- a/bot/utils/lock.py
+++ b/bot/utils/lock.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import inspect
 import logging
 from collections import defaultdict
@@ -16,39 +17,21 @@ _IdCallable = Callable[[function.BoundArgs], _IdCallableReturn]
 ResourceId = Union[Hashable, _IdCallable]
 
 
-class LockGuard:
-    """
-    A context manager which acquires and releases a lock (mutex).
-
-    Raise RuntimeError if trying to acquire a locked lock.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self._locked = False
-
-    @property
-    def locked(self) -> bool:
-        """Return True if currently locked or False if unlocked."""
-        return self._locked
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        if self._locked:
-            raise RuntimeError("Cannot acquire a locked lock.")
-
-        self._locked = True
-
-    def __exit__(self, _exc_type, _exc_value, _traceback):  # noqa: ANN001
-        self._locked = False
-        return False  # Indicate any raised exception shouldn't be suppressed.
-
-
-def lock(namespace: Hashable, resource_id: ResourceId, *, raise_error: bool = False) -> Callable:
+def lock(
+    namespace: Hashable,
+    resource_id: ResourceId,
+    *,
+    raise_error: bool = False,
+    wait: bool = False,
+) -> Callable:
     """
     Turn the decorated coroutine function into a mutually exclusive operation on a `resource_id`.
 
-    If any other mutually exclusive function currently holds the lock for a resource, do not run the
-    decorated function and return None. If `raise_error` is True, raise `LockedResourceError` if
-    the lock cannot be acquired.
+    If `wait` is True, wait until the lock becomes available. Otherwise, if any other mutually
+    exclusive function currently holds the lock for a resource, do not run the decorated function
+    and return None.
+
+    If `raise_error` is True, raise `LockedResourceError` if the lock cannot be acquired.
 
     `namespace` is an identifier used to prevent collisions among resource IDs.
 
@@ -78,15 +61,19 @@ def lock(namespace: Hashable, resource_id: ResourceId, *, raise_error: bool = Fa
             else:
                 id_ = resource_id
 
-            log.trace(f"{name}: getting lock for resource {id_!r} under namespace {namespace!r}")
+            log.trace(f"{name}: getting the lock object for resource {namespace!r}:{id_!r}")
 
             # Get the lock for the ID. Create a lock if one doesn't exist yet.
             locks = __lock_dicts[namespace]
-            lock_guard = locks.setdefault(id_, LockGuard())
-
-            if not lock_guard.locked:
-                log.debug(f"{name}: resource {namespace!r}:{id_!r} is free; acquiring it...")
-                with lock_guard:
+            lock_ = locks.setdefault(id_, asyncio.Lock())
+
+            # It's safe to check an asyncio.Lock is free before acquiring it because:
+            #   1. Synchronous code like `if not lock_.locked()` does not yield execution
+            #   2. `asyncio.Lock.acquire()` does not internally await anything if the lock is free
+            #   3. awaits only yield execution to the event loop at actual I/O boundaries
+            if wait or not lock_.locked():
+                log.debug(f"{name}: acquiring lock for resource {namespace!r}:{id_!r}...")
+                async with lock_:
                     return await func(*args, **kwargs)
             else:
                 log.info(f"{name}: aborted because resource {namespace!r}:{id_!r} is locked")
@@ -103,6 +90,7 @@ def lock_arg(
     func: Callable[[Any], _IdCallableReturn] = None,
     *,
     raise_error: bool = False,
+    wait: bool = False,
 ) -> Callable:
     """
     Apply the `lock` decorator using the value of the arg at the given name/position as the ID.
@@ -110,5 +98,5 @@ def lock_arg(
     `func` is an optional callable or awaitable which will return the ID given the argument value.
     See `lock` docs for more information.
     """
-    decorator_func = partial(lock, namespace, raise_error=raise_error)
+    decorator_func = partial(lock, namespace, raise_error=raise_error, wait=wait)
     return function.get_arg_value_wrapper(decorator_func, name_or_pos, func)
diff --git a/bot/utils/scheduling.py b/bot/utils/scheduling.py
index 03f31d78f..4dd036e4f 100644
--- a/bot/utils/scheduling.py
+++ b/bot/utils/scheduling.py
@@ -155,3 +155,20 @@ class Scheduler:
             # Log the exception if one exists.
             if exception:
                 self._log.error(f"Error in task #{task_id} {id(done_task)}!", exc_info=exception)
+
+
+def create_task(*args, **kwargs) -> asyncio.Task:
+    """Wrapper for `asyncio.create_task` which logs exceptions raised in the task."""
+    task = asyncio.create_task(*args, **kwargs)
+    task.add_done_callback(_log_task_exception)
+    return task
+
+
+def _log_task_exception(task: asyncio.Task) -> None:
+    """Retrieve and log the exception raised in `task` if one exists."""
+    with contextlib.suppress(asyncio.CancelledError):
+        exception = task.exception()
+        # Log the exception if one exists.
+        if exception:
+            log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+            log.error(f"Error in task {task.get_name()} {id(task)}!", exc_info=exception)
diff --git a/config-default.yml b/config-default.yml
index 9ad9725e6..d3b267159 100644
--- a/config-default.yml
+++ b/config-default.yml
@@ -155,11 +155,14 @@ guild:
 
         # Discussion
         meta:                               429409067623251969
-        python_discussion:  &PY_DISCUSSION  267624335836053506
+        python_general:     &PY_GENERAL     267624335836053506
 
         # Python Help: Available
         cooldown:           720603994149486673
 
+        # Topical
+        discord_py:         343944376055103488
+
         # Logs
         attachment_log:     &ATTACH_LOG     649243850006855680
         dm_log:                             653713721625018428
@@ -427,7 +430,7 @@ code_block:
 
     # The channels which will be affected by a cooldown. These channels are also whitelisted.
     cooldown_channels:
-        - *PY_DISCUSSION
+        - *PY_GENERAL
 
     # Sending instructions triggers a cooldown on a per-channel basis.
     # More instruction messages will not be sent in the same channel until the cooldown has elapsed.
diff --git a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/test_slowmode.py b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/test_slowmode.py
index dad751e0d..5483b7a64 100644
--- a/tests/bot/exts/moderation/test_slowmode.py
+++ b/tests/bot/exts/moderation/test_slowmode.py
@@ -85,22 +85,14 @@ class SlowmodeTests(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
             self.ctx.reset_mock()
 
-    async def test_reset_slowmode_no_channel(self) -> None:
-        """Reset slowmode without a given channel."""
-        self.ctx.channel = MockTextChannel(name='careers', slowmode_delay=6)
-
-        await self.cog.reset_slowmode(self.cog, self.ctx, None)
-        self.ctx.send.assert_called_once_with(
-            f'{Emojis.check_mark} The slowmode delay for #careers has been reset to 0 seconds.'
-        )
-
-    async def test_reset_slowmode_with_channel(self) -> None:
+    async def test_reset_slowmode_sets_delay_to_zero(self) -> None:
         """Reset slowmode with a given channel."""
         text_channel = MockTextChannel(name='meta', slowmode_delay=1)
+        self.cog.set_slowmode = mock.AsyncMock()
 
         await self.cog.reset_slowmode(self.cog, self.ctx, text_channel)
-        self.ctx.send.assert_called_once_with(
-            f'{Emojis.check_mark} The slowmode delay for #meta has been reset to 0 seconds.'
+        self.cog.set_slowmode.assert_awaited_once_with(
+            self.ctx, text_channel, relativedelta(seconds=0)
         )
 
     @mock.patch("bot.exts.moderation.slowmode.has_any_role")