Merge pull request #74 from python-discord/jb3/sqlalchemy-2

SQLAlchemy 2

37 files changed, 827 insertions, 693 deletions

diff --git a/alembic/env.py b/alembic/env.py
index 7978da1..91aca63 100644
--- a/alembic/env.py
+++ b/alembic/env.py
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
+import asyncio
 from logging.config import fileConfig
 
-from sqlalchemy import engine_from_config
-from sqlalchemy import pool
+from sqlalchemy import Connection, pool
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import async_engine_from_config
 
 from alembic import context
-
-import sys
-sys.path.append(".")
-
 from metricity.database import build_db_uri
-from metricity.models import db
+from metricity.models import Base
 
 # this is the Alembic Config object, which provides
 # access to the values within the .ini file in use.
@@ -21,20 +18,37 @@ fileConfig(config.config_file_name)
 
 # add your model's MetaData object here
 # for 'autogenerate' support
-# from myapp import mymodel
-# target_metadata = mymodel.Base.metadata
-target_metadata = db
+target_metadata = Base.metadata
 
 # other values from the config, defined by the needs of env.py,
 # can be acquired:
-# my_important_option = config.get_main_option("my_important_option")
 # ... etc.
 
-config.set_main_option('sqlalchemy.url', build_db_uri())
+config.set_main_option("sqlalchemy.url", build_db_uri())
+
+def do_run_migrations(connection: Connection) -> None:
+    """Run migrations."""
+    context.configure(connection=connection, target_metadata=target_metadata)
+
+    with context.begin_transaction():
+        context.run_migrations()
+
+async def run_async_migrations() -> None:
+    """Run migrations asynchronously using the asyncpg driver."""
+    connectable = async_engine_from_config(
+        config.get_section(config.config_ini_section),
+        prefix="sqlalchemy.",
+        poolclass=pool.NullPool,
+    )
+
+    async with connectable.connect() as connection:
+        await connection.run_sync(do_run_migrations)
 
+    await connectable.dispose()
 
-def run_migrations_offline():
-    """Run migrations in 'offline' mode.
+def run_migrations_offline() -> None:
+    """
+    Run migrations in 'offline' mode.
 
     This configures the context with just a URL
     and not an Engine, though an Engine is acceptable
@@ -57,26 +71,9 @@ def run_migrations_offline():
         context.run_migrations()
 
 
-def run_migrations_online():
-    """Run migrations in 'online' mode.
-
-    In this scenario we need to create an Engine
-    and associate a connection with the context.
-
-    """
-    connectable = engine_from_config(
-        config.get_section(config.config_ini_section),
-        prefix="sqlalchemy.",
-        poolclass=pool.NullPool,
-    )
-
-    with connectable.connect() as connection:
-        context.configure(
-            connection=connection, target_metadata=target_metadata
-        )
-
-        with context.begin_transaction():
-            context.run_migrations()
+def run_migrations_online() -> None:
+    """Run migrations in 'online' mode."""
+    asyncio.run(run_async_migrations())
 
 
 if context.is_offline_mode():
diff --git a/alembic/script.py.mako b/alembic/script.py.mako
index 2c01563..2c87742 100644
--- a/alembic/script.py.mako
+++ b/alembic/script.py.mako
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@ branch_labels = ${repr(branch_labels)}
 depends_on = ${repr(depends_on)}
 
 
-def upgrade():
-    ${upgrades if upgrades else "pass"}
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
+    ${upgrades}
 
 
-def downgrade():
-    ${downgrades if downgrades else "pass"}
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
+    ${downgrades}
diff --git a/alembic/versions/03655ce2097b_new_not_null_constraints_on_messages_.py b/alembic/versions/03655ce2097b_new_not_null_constraints_on_messages_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ad0473
--- /dev/null
+++ b/alembic/versions/03655ce2097b_new_not_null_constraints_on_messages_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""
+New NOT NULL constraints on messages and users table.
+
+Revision ID: 03655ce2097b
+Revises: 563a15b2a76e
+Create Date: 2023-09-04 20:17:03.543328
+
+"""
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+
+from alembic import op
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision = "03655ce2097b"
+down_revision = "563a15b2a76e"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    op.alter_column("messages", "channel_id",
+               existing_type=sa.VARCHAR(),
+               nullable=False)
+    op.alter_column("messages", "author_id",
+               existing_type=sa.VARCHAR(),
+               nullable=False)
+    op.alter_column("messages", "is_deleted",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=False)
+    op.alter_column("users", "bot",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=False)
+    op.alter_column("users", "in_guild",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=False)
+    op.alter_column("users", "pending",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=False)
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
+    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
+    op.alter_column("users", "pending",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=True)
+    op.alter_column("users", "in_guild",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=True)
+    op.alter_column("users", "bot",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=True)
+    op.alter_column("messages", "is_deleted",
+               existing_type=sa.BOOLEAN(),
+               nullable=True)
+    op.alter_column("messages", "author_id",
+               existing_type=sa.VARCHAR(),
+               nullable=True)
+    op.alter_column("messages", "channel_id",
+               existing_type=sa.VARCHAR(),
+               nullable=True)
+    # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/25f3b8fb9961_add_pending_column_to_user.py b/alembic/versions/25f3b8fb9961_add_pending_column_to_user.py
index 5b3b6f6..6a2e4c5 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/25f3b8fb9961_add_pending_column_to_user.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/25f3b8fb9961_add_pending_column_to_user.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""add pending column to user
+"""
+add pending column to user.
 
 Revision ID: 25f3b8fb9961
 Revises: a259ab5efcec
 Create Date: 2020-12-21 17:42:04.566930
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '25f3b8fb9961'
-down_revision = 'a259ab5efcec'
+revision = "25f3b8fb9961"
+down_revision = "a259ab5efcec"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('pending', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("pending", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'pending')
+    op.drop_column("users", "pending")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/2743389eb63e_add_all_tables_with_string_keys.py b/alembic/versions/2743389eb63e_add_all_tables_with_string_keys.py
index 10bb0d2..9122979 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/2743389eb63e_add_all_tables_with_string_keys.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/2743389eb63e_add_all_tables_with_string_keys.py
@@ -1,63 +1,66 @@
-"""add all tables with string keys
+"""
+add all tables with string keys.
 
 Revision ID: 2743389eb63e
 Revises: 2e383ecae493
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 16:35:38.833315
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '2743389eb63e'
-down_revision = '2e383ecae493'
+revision = "2743389eb63e"
+down_revision = "2e383ecae493"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.create_table('categories',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("categories",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.create_table('users',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('avatar_hash', sa.String(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('joined_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('is_staff', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('opt_out', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('bot', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("users",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("avatar_hash", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("joined_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("is_staff", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("opt_out", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("bot", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.create_table('channels',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('category_id', sa.String(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('is_staff', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['category_id'], ['categories.id'], ),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("channels",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("category_id", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("is_staff", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["category_id"], ["categories.id"] ),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.create_table('messages',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('channel_id', sa.String(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('author_id', sa.String(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
-    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['author_id'], ['users.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
-    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['channel_id'], ['channels.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("messages",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("channel_id", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("author_id", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["author_id"], ["users.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["channel_id"], ["channels.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_table('messages')
-    op.drop_table('channels')
-    op.drop_table('users')
-    op.drop_table('categories')
+    op.drop_table("messages")
+    op.drop_table("channels")
+    op.drop_table("users")
+    op.drop_table("categories")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/2e383ecae493_remove_all_tables_for_conversion_to_.py b/alembic/versions/2e383ecae493_remove_all_tables_for_conversion_to_.py
index 33f3673..f16a1a5 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/2e383ecae493_remove_all_tables_for_conversion_to_.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/2e383ecae493_remove_all_tables_for_conversion_to_.py
@@ -1,27 +1,28 @@
-"""remove all tables for conversion to string keys
+"""
+remove all tables for conversion to string keys.
 
 Revision ID: 2e383ecae493
 Revises: b1fdfe71fcb7
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 16:31:05.025135
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '2e383ecae493'
-down_revision = 'b1fdfe71fcb7'
+revision = "2e383ecae493"
+down_revision = "b1fdfe71fcb7"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
-    op.drop_table('messages')
-    op.drop_table('users')
-    op.drop_table('channels')
-    op.drop_table('categories')
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
+    op.drop_table("messages")
+    op.drop_table("users")
+    op.drop_table("channels")
+    op.drop_table("categories")
 
 
-def downgrade():
-    pass
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
diff --git a/alembic/versions/2faa292e5818_add_indexes_on_message_table.py b/alembic/versions/2faa292e5818_add_indexes_on_message_table.py
index 0cb7400..04f424c 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/2faa292e5818_add_indexes_on_message_table.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/2faa292e5818_add_indexes_on_message_table.py
@@ -1,30 +1,32 @@
-"""Add indexes on message table
+"""
+Add indexes on message table.
 
 Revision ID: 2faa292e5818
 Revises: d052a6b677e6
 Create Date: 2020-10-27 02:52:23.791738
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '2faa292e5818'
-down_revision = 'd052a6b677e6'
+revision = "2faa292e5818"
+down_revision = "d052a6b677e6"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.create_index(op.f('ix_messages_author_id'), 'messages', ['author_id'], unique=False)
-    op.create_index(op.f('ix_messages_channel_id'), 'messages', ['channel_id'], unique=False)
+    op.create_index(op.f("ix_messages_author_id"), "messages", ["author_id"], unique=False)
+    op.create_index(op.f("ix_messages_channel_id"), "messages", ["channel_id"], unique=False)
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_messages_channel_id'), table_name='messages')
-    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_messages_author_id'), table_name='messages')
+    op.drop_index(op.f("ix_messages_channel_id"), table_name="messages")
+    op.drop_index(op.f("ix_messages_author_id"), table_name="messages")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/38085c8f1099_enable_cascade_deletion_for_messages.py b/alembic/versions/38085c8f1099_enable_cascade_deletion_for_messages.py
index 522d96a..db404bb 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/38085c8f1099_enable_cascade_deletion_for_messages.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/38085c8f1099_enable_cascade_deletion_for_messages.py
@@ -1,34 +1,36 @@
-"""enable cascade deletion for messages
+"""
+enable cascade deletion for messages.
 
 Revision ID: 38085c8f1099
 Revises: abc065ff2fb3
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 13:00:21.629836
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '38085c8f1099'
-down_revision = 'abc065ff2fb3'
+revision = "38085c8f1099"
+down_revision = "abc065ff2fb3"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint('messages_author_id_fkey', 'messages', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.drop_constraint('messages_channel_id_fkey', 'messages', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.create_foreign_key(None, 'messages', 'users', ['author_id'], ['id'], ondelete='CASCADE')
-    op.create_foreign_key(None, 'messages', 'channels', ['channel_id'], ['id'], ondelete='CASCADE')
+    op.drop_constraint("messages_author_id_fkey", "messages", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.drop_constraint("messages_channel_id_fkey", "messages", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.create_foreign_key(None, "messages", "users", ["author_id"], ["id"], ondelete="CASCADE")
+    op.create_foreign_key(None, "messages", "channels", ["channel_id"], ["id"], ondelete="CASCADE")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint(None, 'messages', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.drop_constraint(None, 'messages', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.create_foreign_key('messages_channel_id_fkey', 'messages', 'channels', ['channel_id'], ['id'])
-    op.create_foreign_key('messages_author_id_fkey', 'messages', 'users', ['author_id'], ['id'])
+    op.drop_constraint(None, "messages", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.drop_constraint(None, "messages", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.create_foreign_key("messages_channel_id_fkey", "messages", "channels", ["channel_id"], ["id"])
+    op.create_foreign_key("messages_author_id_fkey", "messages", "users", ["author_id"], ["id"])
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/408aac572bff_cascade_delete_channels_on_category_.py b/alembic/versions/408aac572bff_cascade_delete_channels_on_category_.py
index 4afbba7..e962309 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/408aac572bff_cascade_delete_channels_on_category_.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/408aac572bff_cascade_delete_channels_on_category_.py
@@ -1,30 +1,32 @@
-"""cascade delete channels on category deletion
+"""
+cascade delete channels on category deletion.
 
 Revision ID: 408aac572bff
 Revises: 25f3b8fb9961
 Create Date: 2021-03-04 01:11:32.519071
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '408aac572bff'
-down_revision = '25f3b8fb9961'
+revision = "408aac572bff"
+down_revision = "25f3b8fb9961"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint('channels_category_id_fkey', 'channels', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.create_foreign_key(None, 'channels', 'categories', ['category_id'], ['id'], ondelete='CASCADE')
+    op.drop_constraint("channels_category_id_fkey", "channels", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.create_foreign_key(None, "channels", "categories", ["category_id"], ["id"], ondelete="CASCADE")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint(None, 'channels', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.create_foreign_key('channels_category_id_fkey', 'channels', 'categories', ['category_id'], ['id'])
+    op.drop_constraint(None, "channels", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.create_foreign_key("channels_category_id_fkey", "channels", "categories", ["category_id"], ["id"])
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/451f61f7f7cb_add_is_verified_column.py b/alembic/versions/451f61f7f7cb_add_is_verified_column.py
index 2c03698..bed4a0c 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/451f61f7f7cb_add_is_verified_column.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/451f61f7f7cb_add_is_verified_column.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""Add is_verified column
+"""
+Add is_verified column.
 
 Revision ID: 451f61f7f7cb
 Revises: 5683123ff89a
 Create Date: 2020-08-29 17:19:32.029529
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '451f61f7f7cb'
-down_revision = '5683123ff89a'
+revision = "451f61f7f7cb"
+down_revision = "5683123ff89a"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('is_verified', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("is_verified", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'is_verified')
+    op.drop_column("users", "is_verified")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/45973dacf7da_add_public_flags_column.py b/alembic/versions/45973dacf7da_add_public_flags_column.py
index 06c7338..e5fa5a4 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/45973dacf7da_add_public_flags_column.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/45973dacf7da_add_public_flags_column.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""Add public flags column
+"""
+Add public flags column.
 
 Revision ID: 45973dacf7da
 Revises: 451f61f7f7cb
 Create Date: 2020-09-02 10:38:18.142271
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '45973dacf7da'
-down_revision = '451f61f7f7cb'
+revision = "45973dacf7da"
+down_revision = "451f61f7f7cb"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('public_flags', sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("public_flags", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'public_flags')
+    op.drop_column("users", "public_flags")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/4d293b37634c_initial_migration.py b/alembic/versions/4d293b37634c_initial_migration.py
index fa5e21b..e78a0b4 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/4d293b37634c_initial_migration.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/4d293b37634c_initial_migration.py
@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
-"""initial migration
+"""
+initial migration.
 
 Revision ID: 4d293b37634c
 Revises:
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 03:09:13.565389
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '4d293b37634c'
+revision = "4d293b37634c"
 down_revision = None
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    pass
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
-    # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    pass
-    # ### end Alembic commands ###
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
diff --git a/alembic/versions/563a15b2a76e_add_support_for_threads.py b/alembic/versions/563a15b2a76e_add_support_for_threads.py
index 6f21e92..e8b39a6 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/563a15b2a76e_add_support_for_threads.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/563a15b2a76e_add_support_for_threads.py
@@ -1,47 +1,50 @@
-"""Add support for threads
+"""
+Add support for threads.
 
 Revision ID: 563a15b2a76e
 Revises: d6c9452c3940
 Create Date: 2021-10-31 14:46:49.926646
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '563a15b2a76e'
-down_revision = 'd6c9452c3940'
+revision = "563a15b2a76e"
+down_revision = "d6c9452c3940"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
     op.create_table(
-        'threads',
-        sa.Column('id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('parent_channel_id', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
-        sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('archived', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('auto_archive_duration', sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('locked', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-        sa.Column('type', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['parent_channel_id'], ['channels.id'], ondelete='CASCADE'),
-        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+        "threads",
+        sa.Column("id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("parent_channel_id", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+        sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("archived", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("auto_archive_duration", sa.Integer(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("locked", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+        sa.Column("type", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["parent_channel_id"], ["channels.id"], ondelete="CASCADE"),
+        sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.add_column('messages', sa.Column('thread_id', sa.String(), nullable=True))
-    op.create_index(op.f('ix_messages_thread_id'), 'messages', ['thread_id'], unique=False)
-    op.create_index(op.f('ix_threads_type'), 'threads', ['type'], unique=False)
-    op.create_foreign_key(None, 'messages', 'threads', ['thread_id'], ['id'], ondelete='CASCADE')
+    op.add_column("messages", sa.Column("thread_id", sa.String(), nullable=True))
+    op.create_index(op.f("ix_messages_thread_id"), "messages", ["thread_id"], unique=False)
+    op.create_index(op.f("ix_threads_type"), "threads", ["type"], unique=False)
+    op.create_foreign_key(None, "messages", "threads", ["thread_id"], ["id"], ondelete="CASCADE")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint(None, 'messages', type_='foreignkey')
-    op.drop_index(op.f('ix_messages_thread_id'), table_name='messages')
-    op.drop_column('messages', 'thread_id')
-    op.drop_table('threads')
+    op.drop_constraint(None, "messages", type_="foreignkey")
+    op.drop_index(op.f("ix_messages_thread_id"), table_name="messages")
+    op.drop_column("messages", "thread_id")
+    op.drop_table("threads")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/5683123ff89a_add_in_guild_column.py b/alembic/versions/5683123ff89a_add_in_guild_column.py
index 12d67a1..9641b18 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/5683123ff89a_add_in_guild_column.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/5683123ff89a_add_in_guild_column.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""add in_guild column
+"""
+add in_guild column.
 
 Revision ID: 5683123ff89a
 Revises: 2743389eb63e
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 19:57:41.958297
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '5683123ff89a'
-down_revision = '2743389eb63e'
+revision = "5683123ff89a"
+down_revision = "2743389eb63e"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('in_guild', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("in_guild", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'in_guild')
+    op.drop_column("users", "in_guild")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/6b52b1e7680b_add_channel_categories.py b/alembic/versions/6b52b1e7680b_add_channel_categories.py
index bdbcde1..bde8a6d 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/6b52b1e7680b_add_channel_categories.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/6b52b1e7680b_add_channel_categories.py
@@ -1,34 +1,37 @@
-"""add channel categories
+"""
+add channel categories.
 
 Revision ID: 6b52b1e7680b
 Revises: d42a9cc66591
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 05:10:43.945126
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '6b52b1e7680b'
-down_revision = 'd42a9cc66591'
+revision = "6b52b1e7680b"
+down_revision = "d42a9cc66591"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.create_table('categories',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("categories",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.add_column('channels', sa.Column('category_id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("channels", sa.Column("category_id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('channels', 'category_id')
-    op.drop_table('categories')
+    op.drop_column("channels", "category_id")
+    op.drop_table("categories")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/911049796159_remove_opt_out_column.py b/alembic/versions/911049796159_remove_opt_out_column.py
index 6ba71ba..812c80b 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/911049796159_remove_opt_out_column.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/911049796159_remove_opt_out_column.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""Remove opt_out column
+"""
+Remove opt_out column.
 
 Revision ID: 911049796159
 Revises: 408aac572bff
 Create Date: 2021-04-09 05:09:28.565384
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = '911049796159'
-down_revision = '408aac572bff'
+revision = "911049796159"
+down_revision = "408aac572bff"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'opt_out')
+    op.drop_column("users", "opt_out")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('opt_out', sa.BOOLEAN(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("opt_out", sa.BOOLEAN(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/a259ab5efcec_remove_verified_columns.py b/alembic/versions/a259ab5efcec_remove_verified_columns.py
index 099e158..5b59d53 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/a259ab5efcec_remove_verified_columns.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/a259ab5efcec_remove_verified_columns.py
@@ -1,30 +1,34 @@
-"""remove verified columns
+"""
+remove verified columns.
 
 Revision ID: a259ab5efcec
 Revises: 2faa292e5818
 Create Date: 2020-12-19 22:44:27.897133
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
 
+from alembic import op
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'a259ab5efcec'
-down_revision = '2faa292e5818'
+revision = "a259ab5efcec"
+down_revision = "2faa292e5818"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'is_verified')
-    op.drop_column('users', 'verified_at')
+    op.drop_column("users", "is_verified")
+    op.drop_column("users", "verified_at")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('verified_at', postgresql.TIMESTAMP(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('is_verified', sa.BOOLEAN(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("verified_at", postgresql.TIMESTAMP(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("is_verified", sa.BOOLEAN(), autoincrement=False, nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/aa3517f1b1bd_add_verified_at_column.py b/alembic/versions/aa3517f1b1bd_add_verified_at_column.py
index f7ea257..8c36e04 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/aa3517f1b1bd_add_verified_at_column.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/aa3517f1b1bd_add_verified_at_column.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""Add verified_at column
+"""
+Add verified_at column.
 
 Revision ID: aa3517f1b1bd
 Revises: 45973dacf7da
 Create Date: 2020-09-12 02:34:11.722267
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'aa3517f1b1bd'
-down_revision = '45973dacf7da'
+revision = "aa3517f1b1bd"
+down_revision = "45973dacf7da"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('verified_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("verified_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'verified_at')
+    op.drop_column("users", "verified_at")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/abc065ff2fb3_add_bot_column_to_user_table.py b/alembic/versions/abc065ff2fb3_add_bot_column_to_user_table.py
index 9c53999..0fd0e36 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/abc065ff2fb3_add_bot_column_to_user_table.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/abc065ff2fb3_add_bot_column_to_user_table.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""add bot column to user table
+"""
+add bot column to user table.
 
 Revision ID: abc065ff2fb3
 Revises: 6b52b1e7680b
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 05:24:01.730596
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'abc065ff2fb3'
-down_revision = '6b52b1e7680b'
+revision = "abc065ff2fb3"
+down_revision = "6b52b1e7680b"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('bot', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("bot", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'bot')
+    op.drop_column("users", "bot")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/b1fdfe71fcb7_channel_category_foreign_key.py b/alembic/versions/b1fdfe71fcb7_channel_category_foreign_key.py
index 329924b..8d7745a 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/b1fdfe71fcb7_channel_category_foreign_key.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/b1fdfe71fcb7_channel_category_foreign_key.py
@@ -1,28 +1,30 @@
-"""channel category foreign key
+"""
+channel category foreign key.
 
 Revision ID: b1fdfe71fcb7
 Revises: 38085c8f1099
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 15:00:38.666504
 
 """
-from alembic import op
-import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'b1fdfe71fcb7'
-down_revision = '38085c8f1099'
+revision = "b1fdfe71fcb7"
+down_revision = "38085c8f1099"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.create_foreign_key(None, 'channels', 'categories', ['category_id'], ['id'])
+    op.create_foreign_key(None, "channels", "categories", ["category_id"], ["id"])
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_constraint(None, 'channels', type_='foreignkey')
+    op.drop_constraint(None, "channels", type_="foreignkey")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/d052a6b677e6_add_is_deleted_to_message.py b/alembic/versions/d052a6b677e6_add_is_deleted_to_message.py
index 8354a3e..3a8a952 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/d052a6b677e6_add_is_deleted_to_message.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/d052a6b677e6_add_is_deleted_to_message.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""add is_deleted to Message
+"""
+add is_deleted to Message.
 
 Revision ID: d052a6b677e6
 Revises: aa3517f1b1bd
 Create Date: 2020-10-18 19:20:20.862476
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'd052a6b677e6'
-down_revision = 'aa3517f1b1bd'
+revision = "d052a6b677e6"
+down_revision = "aa3517f1b1bd"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('messages', sa.Column('is_deleted', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("messages", sa.Column("is_deleted", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('messages', 'is_deleted')
+    op.drop_column("messages", "is_deleted")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/d42a9cc66591_add_channels_users_and_messages_table.py b/alembic/versions/d42a9cc66591_add_channels_users_and_messages_table.py
index 0ed3728..b3c1a4d 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/d42a9cc66591_add_channels_users_and_messages_table.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/d42a9cc66591_add_channels_users_and_messages_table.py
@@ -1,54 +1,57 @@
-"""add channels, users and messages table
+"""
+add channels, users and messages table.
 
 Revision ID: d42a9cc66591
 Revises: 4d293b37634c
 Create Date: 2020-08-25 03:10:21.282787
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'd42a9cc66591'
-down_revision = '4d293b37634c'
+revision = "d42a9cc66591"
+down_revision = "4d293b37634c"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.create_table('channels',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('is_staff', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("channels",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("is_staff", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.create_table('users',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('name', sa.String(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('avatar_hash', sa.String(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('joined_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('is_staff', sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('opt_out', sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("users",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("name", sa.String(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("avatar_hash", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("joined_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("is_staff", sa.Boolean(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("opt_out", sa.Boolean(), nullable=True),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
-    op.create_table('messages',
-    sa.Column('id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
-    sa.Column('channel_id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('author_id', sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True),
-    sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
-    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['author_id'], ['users.id'], ),
-    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['channel_id'], ['channels.id'], ),
-    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint('id')
+    op.create_table("messages",
+    sa.Column("id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=False),
+    sa.Column("channel_id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("author_id", sa.BigInteger(), nullable=True),
+    sa.Column("created_at", sa.DateTime(), nullable=True),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["author_id"], ["users.id"] ),
+    sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["channel_id"], ["channels.id"] ),
+    sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("id"),
     )
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_table('messages')
-    op.drop_table('users')
-    op.drop_table('channels')
+    op.drop_table("messages")
+    op.drop_table("users")
+    op.drop_table("channels")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/alembic/versions/d6c9452c3940_add_discord_py_2_0_avatar_support.py b/alembic/versions/d6c9452c3940_add_discord_py_2_0_avatar_support.py
index 1fcfe9b..751aa65 100644
--- a/alembic/versions/d6c9452c3940_add_discord_py_2_0_avatar_support.py
+++ b/alembic/versions/d6c9452c3940_add_discord_py_2_0_avatar_support.py
@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
-"""Add Discord.py 2.0 avatar support
+"""
+Add Discord.py 2.0 avatar support.
 
 Revision ID: d6c9452c3940
 Revises: 911049796159
 Create Date: 2021-10-31 12:48:03.323113
 
 """
-from alembic import op
 import sqlalchemy as sa
 
+from alembic import op
 
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
-revision = 'd6c9452c3940'
-down_revision = '911049796159'
+revision = "d6c9452c3940"
+down_revision = "911049796159"
 branch_labels = None
 depends_on = None
 
 
-def upgrade():
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    """Apply the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.add_column('users', sa.Column('guild_avatar_hash', sa.String(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("users", sa.Column("guild_avatar_hash", sa.String(), nullable=True))
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
 
 
-def downgrade():
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    """Revert the current migration."""
     # ### commands auto generated by Alembic - please adjust! ###
-    op.drop_column('users', 'guild_avatar_hash')
+    op.drop_column("users", "guild_avatar_hash")
     # ### end Alembic commands ###
diff --git a/config-default.toml b/config-default.toml
index de8290b..9032294 100644
--- a/config-default.toml
+++ b/config-default.toml
@@ -33,20 +33,14 @@ staff_categories = [
     787641585624940544,
     412287621704843264,
     881573419878076456,
-    820711852652494868
+    820711852652494868,
 ]
 
 # Channels that should be flagged as staff only by channel ID
-staff_channels =[
-    412375055910043655
-]
+staff_channels = [412375055910043655]
 
 # Don't report messages for the following categories
-ignore_categories = [
-    714494672835444826,
-    890331800025563216,
-    895417395261341766
-]
+ignore_categories = [714494672835444826, 890331800025563216, 895417395261341766]
 
 [database]
 # Postgres!
@@ -62,3 +56,6 @@ port = 5432
 database = "metricity"
 username = "postgres"
 password = "postgres"
+
+# Log all queries (SQLAlchemy echo)
+log_queries = false
diff --git a/create_metricity_db.py b/create_metricity_db.py
index 215ba6e..2dc3a75 100644
--- a/create_metricity_db.py
+++ b/create_metricity_db.py
@@ -1,42 +1,49 @@
 """Ensures the metricity db exists before running migrations."""
-import os
+import asyncio
 from urllib.parse import SplitResult, urlsplit
 
-import psycopg2
-from psycopg2 import sql
-from psycopg2.extensions import ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT
+import asyncpg
+
+from metricity.database import build_db_uri
 
 
 def parse_db_url(db_url: str) -> SplitResult:
     """Validate and split the given database url."""
     db_url_parts = urlsplit(db_url)
     if not all((
-        db_url_parts.hostname,
+        db_url_parts.netloc,
         db_url_parts.username,
         db_url_parts.password,
     )):
         raise ValueError("The given db_url is not a valid PostgreSQL database URL.")
     return db_url_parts
 
+async def create_db() -> None:
+    """Create the Metricity database if it does not exist."""
+    parts = parse_db_url(build_db_uri())
+    try:
+        await asyncpg.connect(
+            host=parts.hostname,
+            port=parts.port,
+            user=parts.username,
+            database=parts.path[1:],
+            password=parts.password,
+        )
+    except asyncpg.InvalidCatalogNameError:
+        print("Creating metricity database.") # noqa: T201
+        sys_conn = await asyncpg.connect(
+            database="template1",
+            user=parts.username,
+            host=parts.hostname,
+            port=parts.port,
+            password=parts.password,
+        )
+
+        await sys_conn.execute(
+            f'CREATE DATABASE "{parts.path[1:] or "metricity"}" OWNER "{parts.username}"',
+        )
+
+        await sys_conn.close()
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    database_parts = parse_db_url(os.environ["DATABASE_URI"])
-
-    conn = psycopg2.connect(
-        host=database_parts.hostname,
-        port=database_parts.port,
-        user=database_parts.username,
-        password=database_parts.password,
-    )
-
-    db_name = database_parts.path[1:] or "metricity"
-
-    # Required to create a database in a .execute() call
-    conn.set_isolation_level(ISOLATION_LEVEL_AUTOCOMMIT)
-    with conn.cursor() as cursor:
-        cursor.execute("SELECT 1 FROM pg_catalog.pg_database WHERE datname = %s", (db_name,))
-        exists = cursor.fetchone()
-        if not exists:
-            print("Creating metricity database.")  # noqa: T201
-            cursor.execute(sql.SQL("CREATE DATABASE {dbname}").format(dbname=sql.Identifier(db_name)))
-    conn.close()
+    asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(create_db())
diff --git a/docker-compose.yml b/docker-compose.yml
index 00693e5..af34efe 100644
--- a/docker-compose.yml
+++ b/docker-compose.yml
@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ services:
     env_file:
       - .env
     environment:
-      DATABASE_URI: postgres://pysite:pysite@postgres/metricity
+      DATABASE_URI: postgresql+asyncpg://pysite:pysite@postgres/metricity
diff --git a/metricity/__init__.py b/metricity/__init__.py
index df7d211..e5d4e4d 100644
--- a/metricity/__init__.py
+++ b/metricity/__init__.py
@@ -22,10 +22,6 @@ coloredlogs.install(level=PythonConfig.log_level)
 # Set Discord.py log level
 logging.getLogger("discord.client").setLevel(PythonConfig.discord_log_level)
 
-# Gino has an obnoxiously loud log for all queries executed, not great when inserting
-# tens of thousands of users, so we can disable that (it's just a SQLAlchemy logger)
-logging.getLogger("gino.engine._SAEngine").setLevel(logging.WARNING)
-
 # On Windows, the selector event loop is required for aiodns.
 if os.name == "nt":
     asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(asyncio.WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy())
diff --git a/metricity/bot.py b/metricity/bot.py
index 0c0fa38..d4b9b30 100644
--- a/metricity/bot.py
+++ b/metricity/bot.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from pydis_core import BotBase
 from pydis_core.utils import logging
 
 from metricity import exts
-from metricity.database import connect
 
 log = logging.get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ class Bot(BotBase):
         """Connect to db and load cogs."""
         await super().setup_hook()
         log.info("Metricity is online, logged in as %s", self.user)
-        await connect()
         await self.load_extensions(exts)
 
     async def on_error(self, event: str, *_args, **_kwargs) -> None:
diff --git a/metricity/config.py b/metricity/config.py
index 9dec9af..5565052 100644
--- a/metricity/config.py
+++ b/metricity/config.py
@@ -127,3 +127,5 @@ class DatabaseConfig(metaclass=ConfigSection):
     database: str | None
     username: str | None
     password: str | None
+
+    log_queries: bool | None
diff --git a/metricity/database.py b/metricity/database.py
index 19ec1ff..347ce90 100644
--- a/metricity/database.py
+++ b/metricity/database.py
@@ -2,35 +2,33 @@
 
 import logging
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
+from urllib.parse import urlsplit
 
-import gino
 from sqlalchemy.engine import Dialect
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
 from sqlalchemy.types import DateTime, TypeDecorator
 
 from metricity.config import DatabaseConfig
 
 log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-db = gino.Gino()
-
-
 def build_db_uri() -> str:
-    """Use information from the config file to build a PostgreSQL URI."""
+    """Build the database uri from the config."""
     if DatabaseConfig.uri:
+        parsed = urlsplit(DatabaseConfig.uri)
+        if parsed.scheme != "postgresql+asyncpg":
+            log.debug("The given db_url did not use the asyncpg driver. Updating the db_url to use asyncpg.")
+            return parsed._replace(scheme="postgresql+asyncpg").geturl()
+
         return DatabaseConfig.uri
 
     return (
-        f"postgresql://{DatabaseConfig.username}:{DatabaseConfig.password}"
+        f"postgresql+asyncpg://{DatabaseConfig.username}:{DatabaseConfig.password}"
         f"@{DatabaseConfig.host}:{DatabaseConfig.port}/{DatabaseConfig.database}"
     )
 
-
-async def connect() -> None:
-    """Initiate a connection to the database."""
-    log.info("Initiating connection to the database")
-    await db.set_bind(build_db_uri())
-    log.info("Database connection established")
-
+engine: AsyncEngine = create_async_engine(build_db_uri(), echo=DatabaseConfig.log_queries)
+async_session = async_sessionmaker(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
 
 class TZDateTime(TypeDecorator):
     """
diff --git a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/_utils.py b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/_utils.py
index 6b2aacf..4006ea2 100644
--- a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/_utils.py
+++ b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/_utils.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import discord
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
 
 from metricity import models
 
 
-async def insert_thread(thread: discord.Thread) -> None:
-    """Insert the given thread to the database."""
-    await models.Thread.create(
+def insert_thread(thread: discord.Thread, sess: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    """Insert the given thread to the database session."""
+    sess.add(models.Thread(
         id=str(thread.id),
         parent_channel_id=str(thread.parent_id),
         name=thread.name,
@@ -13,12 +14,13 @@ async def insert_thread(thread: discord.Thread) -> None:
         auto_archive_duration=thread.auto_archive_duration,
         locked=thread.locked,
         type=thread.type.name,
-    )
+        created_at=thread.created_at,
+    ))
 
 
-async def sync_message(message: discord.Message, *, from_thread: bool) -> None:
+async def sync_message(message: discord.Message, sess: AsyncSession, *, from_thread: bool) -> None:
     """Sync the given message with the database."""
-    if await models.Message.get(str(message.id)):
+    if await sess.get(models.Message, str(message.id)):
         return
 
     args = {
@@ -33,4 +35,4 @@ async def sync_message(message: discord.Message, *, from_thread: bool) -> None:
         args["channel_id"] = str(thread.parent_id)
         args["thread_id"] = str(thread.id)
 
-    await models.Message.create(**args)
+    sess.add(models.Message(**args))
diff --git a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/guild_listeners.py b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/guild_listeners.py
index c7c074f..9ad0bda 100644
--- a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/guild_listeners.py
+++ b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/guild_listeners.py
@@ -3,16 +3,17 @@
 import discord
 from discord.ext import commands
 from pydis_core.utils import logging, scheduling
+from sqlalchemy import update
+from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
 
 from metricity import models
 from metricity.bot import Bot
 from metricity.config import BotConfig
-from metricity.database import db
+from metricity.database import async_session
 from metricity.exts.event_listeners import _utils
 
 log = logging.get_logger(__name__)
 
-
 class GuildListeners(commands.Cog):
     """Listen for guild (and guild channel) events and sync them to the database."""
 
@@ -31,7 +32,9 @@ class GuildListeners(commands.Cog):
         await self.sync_thread_archive_state(guild)
 
         log.info("Beginning user synchronisation process")
-        await models.User.update.values(in_guild=False).gino.status()
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            await sess.execute(update(models.User).values(in_guild=False))
+            await sess.commit()
 
         users = [
             {
@@ -54,9 +57,29 @@ class GuildListeners(commands.Cog):
 
         user_chunks = discord.utils.as_chunks(users, 500)
 
-        for chunk in user_chunks:
-            log.info("Upserting chunk of %d", len(chunk))
-            await models.User.bulk_upsert(chunk)
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            for chunk in user_chunks:
+                log.info("Upserting chunk of %d", len(chunk))
+                qs = insert(models.User).values(chunk)
+
+                update_cols = [
+                    "name",
+                    "avatar_hash",
+                    "guild_avatar_hash",
+                    "joined_at",
+                    "is_staff",
+                    "bot",
+                    "in_guild",
+                    "public_flags",
+                    "pending",
+                ]
+
+                await sess.execute(qs.on_conflict_do_update(
+                    index_elements=[models.User.id],
+                    set_={k: getattr(qs.excluded, k) for k in update_cols},
+                ))
+
+            await sess.commit()
 
         log.info("User upsert complete")
 
@@ -66,9 +89,19 @@ class GuildListeners(commands.Cog):
     async def sync_thread_archive_state(guild: discord.Guild) -> None:
         """Sync the archive state of all threads in the database with the state in guild."""
         active_thread_ids = [str(thread.id) for thread in guild.threads]
-        async with db.transaction() as tx:
-            async for db_thread in tx.connection.iterate(models.Thread.query):
-                await db_thread.update(archived=db_thread.id not in active_thread_ids).apply()
+
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            await sess.execute(
+                update(models.Thread)
+                .where(models.Thread.id.in_(active_thread_ids))
+                .values(archived=False),
+            )
+            await sess.execute(
+                update(models.Thread)
+                .where(~models.Thread.id.in_(active_thread_ids))
+                .values(archived=True),
+            )
+            await sess.commit()
 
     async def sync_channels(self, guild: discord.Guild) -> None:
         """Sync channels and categories with the database."""
@@ -76,59 +109,61 @@ class GuildListeners(commands.Cog):
 
         log.info("Beginning category synchronisation process")
 
-        for channel in guild.channels:
-            if isinstance(channel, discord.CategoryChannel):
-                if db_cat := await models.Category.get(str(channel.id)):
-                    await db_cat.update(name=channel.name).apply()
-                else:
-                    await models.Category.create(id=str(channel.id), name=channel.name)
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            for channel in guild.channels:
+                if isinstance(channel, discord.CategoryChannel):
+                    if existing_cat := await sess.get(models.Category, str(channel.id)):
+                        existing_cat.name = channel.name
+                    else:
+                        sess.add(models.Category(id=str(channel.id), name=channel.name))
+
+            await sess.commit()
 
         log.info("Category synchronisation process complete, synchronising channels")
 
-        for channel in guild.channels:
-            if channel.category and channel.category.id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
-                continue
-
-            if not isinstance(channel, discord.CategoryChannel):
-                category_id = str(channel.category.id) if channel.category else None
-                # Cast to bool so is_staff is False if channel.category is None
-                is_staff = channel.id in BotConfig.staff_channels or bool(
-                    channel.category and channel.category.id in BotConfig.staff_categories,
-                )
-                if db_chan := await models.Channel.get(str(channel.id)):
-                    await db_chan.update(
-                        name=channel.name,
-                        category_id=category_id,
-                        is_staff=is_staff,
-                    ).apply()
-                else:
-                    await models.Channel.create(
-                        id=str(channel.id),
-                        name=channel.name,
-                        category_id=category_id,
-                        is_staff=is_staff,
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            for channel in guild.channels:
+                if channel.category and channel.category.id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
+                    continue
+
+                if not isinstance(channel, discord.CategoryChannel):
+                    category_id = str(channel.category.id) if channel.category else None
+                    # Cast to bool so is_staff is False if channel.category is None
+                    is_staff = channel.id in BotConfig.staff_channels or bool(
+                        channel.category and channel.category.id in BotConfig.staff_categories,
                     )
+                    if db_chan := await sess.get(models.Channel, str(channel.id)):
+                        db_chan.name = channel.name
+                    else:
+                        sess.add(models.Channel(
+                            id=str(channel.id),
+                            name=channel.name,
+                            category_id=category_id,
+                            is_staff=is_staff,
+                        ))
+
+            await sess.commit()
 
         log.info("Channel synchronisation process complete, synchronising threads")
 
-        for thread in guild.threads:
-            if thread.parent and thread.parent.category:
-                if thread.parent.category.id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            for thread in guild.threads:
+                if thread.parent and thread.parent.category:
+                    if thread.parent.category.id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
+                        continue
+                else:
+                    # This is a forum channel, not currently supported by Discord.py. Ignore it.
                     continue
-            else:
-                # This is a forum channel, not currently supported by Discord.py. Ignore it.
-                continue
-
-            if db_thread := await models.Thread.get(str(thread.id)):
-                await db_thread.update(
-                    name=thread.name,
-                    archived=thread.archived,
-                    auto_archive_duration=thread.auto_archive_duration,
-                    locked=thread.locked,
-                    type=thread.type.name,
-                ).apply()
-            else:
-                await _utils.insert_thread(thread)
+
+                if db_thread := await sess.get(models.Thread, str(thread.id)):
+                    db_thread.name = thread.name
+                    db_thread.archived = thread.archived
+                    db_thread.auto_archive_duration = thread.auto_archive_duration
+                    db_thread.locked = thread.locked
+                    db_thread.type = thread.type.name
+                else:
+                    _utils.insert_thread(thread, sess)
+            await sess.commit()
 
         log.info("Thread synchronisation process complete, finished synchronising guild.")
         self.bot.channel_sync_in_progress.set()
diff --git a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/member_listeners.py b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/member_listeners.py
index ddf5954..dc1e3c1 100644
--- a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/member_listeners.py
+++ b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/member_listeners.py
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ import contextlib
 import discord
 from asyncpg.exceptions import UniqueViolationError
 from discord.ext import commands
+from sqlalchemy import update
 
 from metricity.bot import Bot
 from metricity.config import BotConfig
+from metricity.database import async_session
 from metricity.models import User
 
 
@@ -25,10 +27,11 @@ class MemberListeners(commands.Cog):
         if member.guild.id != BotConfig.guild_id:
             return
 
-        if db_user := await User.get(str(member.id)):
-            await db_user.update(
-                in_guild=False,
-            ).apply()
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            await sess.execute(
+                update(User).where(User.id == str(member.id)).values(in_guild=False),
+            )
+            await sess.commit()
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_member_join(self, member: discord.Member) -> None:
@@ -38,22 +41,9 @@ class MemberListeners(commands.Cog):
         if member.guild.id != BotConfig.guild_id:
             return
 
-        if db_user := await User.get(str(member.id)):
-            await db_user.update(
-                id=str(member.id),
-                name=member.name,
-                avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
-                guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
-                joined_at=member.joined_at,
-                created_at=member.created_at,
-                is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in [role.id for role in member.roles],
-                public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
-                pending=member.pending,
-                in_guild=True,
-            ).apply()
-        else:
-            with contextlib.suppress(UniqueViolationError):
-                await User.create(
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            if await sess.get(User, str(member.id)):
+                await sess.execute(update(User).where(User.id == str(member.id)).values(
                     id=str(member.id),
                     name=member.name,
                     avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
@@ -64,7 +54,23 @@ class MemberListeners(commands.Cog):
                     public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
                     pending=member.pending,
                     in_guild=True,
-                )
+                ))
+            else:
+                with contextlib.suppress(UniqueViolationError):
+                    await sess.add(User(
+                        id=str(member.id),
+                        name=member.name,
+                        avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
+                        guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
+                        joined_at=member.joined_at,
+                        created_at=member.created_at,
+                        is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in [role.id for role in member.roles],
+                        public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
+                        pending=member.pending,
+                        in_guild=True,
+                    ))
+
+            await sess.commit()
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_member_update(self, _before: discord.Member, member: discord.Member) -> None:
@@ -80,41 +86,43 @@ class MemberListeners(commands.Cog):
 
         roles = {role.id for role in member.roles}
 
-        if db_user := await User.get(str(member.id)):
-            if (
-                db_user.name != member.name or
-                db_user.avatar_hash != getattr(member.avatar, "key", None) or
-                db_user.guild_avatar_hash != getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None) or
-                BotConfig.staff_role_id in
-                [role.id for role in member.roles] != db_user.is_staff
-                or db_user.pending is not member.pending
-            ):
-                await db_user.update(
-                    id=str(member.id),
-                    name=member.name,
-                    avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
-                    guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
-                    joined_at=member.joined_at,
-                    created_at=member.created_at,
-                    is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in roles,
-                    public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
-                    in_guild=True,
-                    pending=member.pending,
-                ).apply()
-        else:
-            with contextlib.suppress(UniqueViolationError):
-                await User.create(
-                    id=str(member.id),
-                    name=member.name,
-                    avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
-                    guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
-                    joined_at=member.joined_at,
-                    created_at=member.created_at,
-                    is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in roles,
-                    public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
-                    in_guild=True,
-                    pending=member.pending,
-                )
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            if db_user := await sess.get(User, str(member.id)):
+                if (
+                    db_user.name != member.name or
+                    db_user.avatar_hash != getattr(member.avatar, "key", None) or
+                    db_user.guild_avatar_hash != getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None) or
+                    (BotConfig.staff_role_id in roles) != db_user.is_staff
+                    or db_user.pending is not member.pending
+                ):
+                    await sess.execute(update(User).where(User.id == str(member.id)).values(
+                        id=str(member.id),
+                        name=member.name,
+                        avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
+                        guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
+                        joined_at=member.joined_at,
+                        created_at=member.created_at,
+                        is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in roles,
+                        public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
+                        in_guild=True,
+                        pending=member.pending,
+                    ))
+            else:
+                with contextlib.suppress(UniqueViolationError):
+                    sess.add(User(
+                        id=str(member.id),
+                        name=member.name,
+                        avatar_hash=getattr(member.avatar, "key", None),
+                        guild_avatar_hash=getattr(member.guild_avatar, "key", None),
+                        joined_at=member.joined_at,
+                        created_at=member.created_at,
+                        is_staff=BotConfig.staff_role_id in roles,
+                        public_flags=dict(member.public_flags),
+                        in_guild=True,
+                        pending=member.pending,
+                    ))
+
+            await sess.commit()
 
 
 
diff --git a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/message_listeners.py b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/message_listeners.py
index b446e26..28329d0 100644
--- a/metricity/exts/event_listeners/message_listeners.py
+++ b/metricity/exts/event_listeners/message_listeners.py
@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@
 
 import discord
 from discord.ext import commands
+from sqlalchemy import update
 
 from metricity.bot import Bot
 from metricity.config import BotConfig
+from metricity.database import async_session
 from metricity.exts.event_listeners import _utils
 from metricity.models import Message, User
 
@@ -33,28 +35,32 @@ class MessageListeners(commands.Cog):
         await self.bot.sync_process_complete.wait()
         await self.bot.channel_sync_in_progress.wait()
 
-        if not await User.get(str(message.author.id)):
-            return
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            if not await sess.get(User, str(message.author.id)):
+                return
 
-        cat_id = message.channel.category.id if message.channel.category else None
-        if cat_id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
-            return
+            cat_id = message.channel.category.id if message.channel.category else None
+            if cat_id in BotConfig.ignore_categories:
+                return
+
+            from_thread = isinstance(message.channel, discord.Thread)
+            await _utils.sync_message(message, sess, from_thread=from_thread)
 
-        from_thread = isinstance(message.channel, discord.Thread)
-        await _utils.sync_message(message, from_thread=from_thread)
+            await sess.commit()
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_raw_message_delete(self, message: discord.RawMessageDeleteEvent) -> None:
         """If a message is deleted and we have a record of it set the is_deleted flag."""
-        if message := await Message.get(str(message.message_id)):
-            await message.update(is_deleted=True).apply()
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            await sess.execute(update(Message).where(Message.id == str(message.message_id)).values(is_deleted=True))
+            await sess.commit()
 
     @commands.Cog.listener()
     async def on_raw_bulk_message_delete(self, messages: discord.RawBulkMessageDeleteEvent) -> None:
         """If messages are deleted in bulk and we have a record of them set the is_deleted flag."""
-        for message_id in messages.message_ids:
-            if message := await Message.get(str(message_id)):
-                await message.update(is_deleted=True).apply()
+        async with async_session() as sess:
+            await sess.execute(update(Message).where(Message.id.in_(messages.message_ids)).values(is_deleted=True))
+            await sess.commit()
 
 
 async def setup(bot: Bot) -> None:
diff --git a/metricity/models.py b/metricity/models.py
index c2ae0c7..7389e86 100644
--- a/metricity/models.py
+++ b/metricity/models.py
@@ -1,116 +1,78 @@
 """Database models used by Metricity for statistic collection."""
 
 from datetime import UTC, datetime
-from typing import Any
 
-from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import insert
+from sqlalchemy import JSON, ForeignKey
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase, Mapped, mapped_column
 
-from metricity.database import TZDateTime, db
+from metricity.database import TZDateTime
 
 
-class Category(db.Model):
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    """Base class for all database models."""
+
+
+class Category(Base):
     """Database model representing a Discord category channel."""
 
     __tablename__ = "categories"
 
-    id = db.Column(db.String, primary_key=True)
-    name = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str]
 
 
-class Channel(db.Model):
+class Channel(Base):
     """Database model representing a Discord channel."""
 
     __tablename__ = "channels"
 
-    id = db.Column(db.String, primary_key=True)
-    name = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
-    category_id = db.Column(
-        db.String,
-        db.ForeignKey("categories.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
-        nullable=True,
-    )
-    is_staff = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False)
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str]
+    category_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("categories.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
+    is_staff: Mapped[bool]
 
 
-class Thread(db.Model):
+class Thread(Base):
     """Database model representing a Thread channel."""
 
     __tablename__ = "threads"
 
-    id = db.Column(db.String, primary_key=True)
-    parent_channel_id = db.Column(
-        db.String,
-        db.ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
-        nullable=False,
-    )
-    created_at = db.Column(TZDateTime(), default=datetime.now(UTC))
-    name = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
-    archived = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, nullable=False)
-    auto_archive_duration = db.Column(db.Integer, nullable=False)
-    locked = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False, nullable=False)
-    type = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False, index=True)
-
-
-class User(db.Model):
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    parent_channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"))
+    created_at = mapped_column(TZDateTime(), default=datetime.now(UTC))
+    name: Mapped[str]
+    archived: Mapped[bool]
+    auto_archive_duration: Mapped[int]
+    locked: Mapped[bool]
+    type: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(index=True)
+
+
+class User(Base):
     """Database model representing a Discord user."""
 
     __tablename__ = "users"
 
-    id = db.Column(db.String, primary_key=True)
-    name = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
-    avatar_hash = db.Column(db.String, nullable=True)
-    guild_avatar_hash = db.Column(db.String, nullable=True)
-    joined_at = db.Column(TZDateTime(), nullable=False)
-    created_at = db.Column(TZDateTime(), nullable=False)
-    is_staff = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False)
-    bot = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False)
-    in_guild = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=True)
-    public_flags = db.Column(db.JSON, default={})
-    pending = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def bulk_upsert(cls: type, users: list[dict[str, Any]]) -> Any:  # noqa: ANN401
-        """Perform a bulk insert/update of the database to sync the user table."""
-        qs = insert(cls.__table__).values(users)
-
-        update_cols = [
-            "name",
-            "avatar_hash",
-            "guild_avatar_hash",
-            "joined_at",
-            "is_staff",
-            "bot",
-            "in_guild",
-            "public_flags",
-            "pending",
-        ]
-
-        return qs.on_conflict_do_update(
-            index_elements=[cls.id],
-            set_={k: getattr(qs.excluded, k) for k in update_cols},
-        ).returning(cls.__table__).gino.all()
-
-
-class Message(db.Model):
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    name: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(nullable=False)
+    avatar_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(nullable=True)
+    guild_avatar_hash: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(nullable=True)
+    joined_at = mapped_column(TZDateTime(), nullable=False)
+    created_at = mapped_column(TZDateTime(), nullable=False)
+    is_staff: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(nullable=False)
+    bot: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
+    in_guild: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
+    public_flags = mapped_column(JSON, default={})
+    pending: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
+
+
+class Message(Base):
     """Database model representing a message sent in a Discord server."""
 
     __tablename__ = "messages"
 
-    id = db.Column(db.String, primary_key=True)
-    channel_id = db.Column(
-        db.String,
-        db.ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
-        index=True,
-    )
-    thread_id = db.Column(
-        db.String,
-        db.ForeignKey("threads.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
-        index=True,
-    )
-    author_id = db.Column(
-        db.String,
-        db.ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
-        index=True,
-    )
-    created_at = db.Column(TZDateTime(), default=datetime.now(UTC))
-    is_deleted = db.Column(db.Boolean, default=False)
+    id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(primary_key=True)
+    channel_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("channels.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
+    thread_id: Mapped[str | None] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("threads.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
+    author_id: Mapped[str] = mapped_column(ForeignKey("users.id", ondelete="CASCADE"), index=True)
+    created_at = mapped_column(TZDateTime())
+    is_deleted: Mapped[bool] = mapped_column(default=False)
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
index 889c3f5..38bac99 100644
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -564,26 +564,81 @@ files = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "gino"
-version = "1.0.1"
-description = "GINO Is Not ORM - a Python asyncio ORM on SQLAlchemy core."
+name = "greenlet"
+version = "2.0.2"
+description = "Lightweight in-process concurrent programming"
 optional = false
-python-versions = ">=3.5,<4.0"
+python-versions = ">=2.7,!=3.0.*,!=3.1.*,!=3.2.*,!=3.3.*,!=3.4.*"
 files = [
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-    {file = "gino-1.0.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:fe4189e82fe9d20c4a5f03fc775fb91c168061c5176b4c95623caeef22316150"},
+    {file = "greenlet-2.0.2-cp27-cp27m-macosx_10_14_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:bdfea8c661e80d3c1c99ad7c3ff74e6e87184895bbaca6ee8cc61209f8b9b85d"},
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-[package.dependencies]
-asyncpg = ">=0.18,<1.0"
-SQLAlchemy = ">=1.2.16,<1.4"
-
 [package.extras]
-aiohttp = ["gino-aiohttp (>=0.1.0,<0.2.0)"]
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-tornado = ["gino-tornado (>=0.1.0,<0.2.0)"]
+docs = ["Sphinx", "docutils (<0.18)"]
+test = ["objgraph", "psutil"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "humanfriendly"
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 virtualenv = ">=20.10.0"
 
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-
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 name = "pycares"
 version = "4.3.0"
 description = "Python interface for c-ares"
@@ -1264,58 +1250,81 @@ testing-integration = ["build[virtualenv]", "filelock (>=3.4.0)", "jaraco.envs (
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sqlalchemy"
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 description = "Database Abstraction Library"
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 ]
 
+[package.dependencies]
+greenlet = {version = "!=0.4.17", optional = true, markers = "platform_machine == \"aarch64\" or platform_machine == \"ppc64le\" or platform_machine == \"x86_64\" or platform_machine == \"amd64\" or platform_machine == \"AMD64\" or platform_machine == \"win32\" or platform_machine == \"WIN32\" or extra == \"asyncio\""}
+typing-extensions = ">=4.2.0"
+
 [package.extras]
+aiomysql = ["aiomysql (>=0.2.0)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+aiosqlite = ["aiosqlite", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)", "typing-extensions (!=3.10.0.1)"]
+asyncio = ["greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+asyncmy = ["asyncmy (>=0.2.3,!=0.2.4,!=0.2.6)", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+mariadb-connector = ["mariadb (>=1.0.1,!=1.1.2,!=1.1.5)"]
 mssql = ["pyodbc"]
 mssql-pymssql = ["pymssql"]
 mssql-pyodbc = ["pyodbc"]
-mysql = ["mysqlclient"]
-oracle = ["cx-oracle"]
-postgresql = ["psycopg2"]
-postgresql-pg8000 = ["pg8000 (<1.16.6)"]
+mypy = ["mypy (>=0.910)"]
+mysql = ["mysqlclient (>=1.4.0)"]
+mysql-connector = ["mysql-connector-python"]
+oracle = ["cx-oracle (>=7)"]
+oracle-oracledb = ["oracledb (>=1.0.1)"]
+postgresql = ["psycopg2 (>=2.7)"]
+postgresql-asyncpg = ["asyncpg", "greenlet (!=0.4.17)"]
+postgresql-pg8000 = ["pg8000 (>=1.29.1)"]
+postgresql-psycopg = ["psycopg (>=3.0.7)"]
 postgresql-psycopg2binary = ["psycopg2-binary"]
 postgresql-psycopg2cffi = ["psycopg2cffi"]
-pymysql = ["pymysql", "pymysql (<1)"]
+postgresql-psycopgbinary = ["psycopg[binary] (>=3.0.7)"]
+pymysql = ["pymysql"]
+sqlcipher = ["sqlcipher3-binary"]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "statsd"
@@ -1460,4 +1469,4 @@ multidict = ">=4.0"
 [metadata]
 lock-version = "2.0"
 python-versions = "3.11.*"
-content-hash = "381d9b82c08a44b0567a7ef61c58c240aa53108cc38ba12c3b3721b067836c59"
+content-hash = "2f8f21b6051b017dc39a9376d4728355e786ab5a60ef9efcde8bff6b6e5734ba"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index f8f39e0..371255b 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ pydis-core = "10.2.0"
 alembic = "1.12.0"
 coloredlogs = "15.0.1"
 deepmerge = "1.1.0"
-gino = "1.0.1"
+sqlalchemy = { extras = ["asyncio"], version = "2.0.20" }
 python-dotenv = "1.0.0"
-psycopg2-binary = "2.9.7"
 toml = "0.10.2"
+asyncpg = "0.28.0"
 
 [tool.poetry.dev-dependencies]
 pre-commit = "3.4.0"
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ build-backend = "poetry.masonry.api"
 
 [tool.ruff]
 target-version = "py311"
-extend-exclude = [".cache", "alembic"]
+extend-exclude = [".cache"]
 ignore = [
     "ANN002",
     "ANN003",
@@ -56,3 +56,4 @@ select = ["ALL"]
 
 [tool.ruff.per-file-ignores]
 "metricity/models.py" = ["A003"]
+"alembic/*" = ["INP001"]